EDUCATION  DEFT . 


o 

vv 


From  the  collection  of  the 

n 
z_.    m 

o  Prejinger 
v    JJibrary 


San  Francisco,  California 
2006 


fl  YEAR  WITH  THE  BIRDS. 


BY  WILSON  FLAGG, 

AUTHOR  OF  "A  YEAR  AMONG  THE  TREES."  — "  HALCYON  DAYS."  — ETC- 


EDUCATIONAL  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

BOSTON 
NEW  YORK        CHICAGO        SAN  FRANCISCO 


COPYRIGHT,  1881, 

BY  E8TE8  AND  LAURIAT. 

BOSTON. 

EDUCATION  DEPT 


<i4  COPYRIO.HT,  1^ ', 

BV  lipUCATIpNAL  Vl/SUSHlNG  CO., 


INDEX. 


A. 

Acadian  Owl Strix  Acadica    .    . 194 

American  Goldfinch Fringilla  tristis 20 

American  Linnet Fringi/la  purpurea      ....  22 

American  Woodcock ' 224 

Anthem  of  Morn 79 

April 32 

August  .     .     . 136 

B. 

Baltimore  Oriole Icterus  Baltimore  .....  65 

Bank-Swallow Hirundo  riparia 168 

Barn-Swallow Hirundo  rufa 163 

Bee-Martin      ...  - Muscicapa  tyrannus    ....  170 

Birds  of  the  Air 163 

Birds  of  the  Farm  and  the  Farmyard 305 

Birds  of  the  Garden  and  Orchard,  No.  1 11 

"       ""                  "         "II 37 

"  III 61 

Birds  of  the  Moor 224 

Birds  of  the  Night 189 

Birds  of  the  Pasture  and  Forest,  No.  1 90 

"II 117 

"III 140 

Birds  of  the  Sea  and  the  Shore 247 

Birds  of  Winter 271 

Bittern  .     .     . ;     Ardea  minor 233 

Black  Duck     . Anas  obscura 315 

Bluebird Ampelis  sialis 45 

Blue  Heron 235 

Blue-Jay Corvus  cristatus  286 

M69812 


2  INDEX. 

Booolink    .........     Icterus  agripennis  .....  41 

Brigadier    .........     Vireo  gilvus       ......  39 

Brown  Creeper    .......     Certhia  familiaris  .....  283 

c. 

Calculations     ...     ................  208 

Canada  Goose  ........     Anser  Canadensis  .....  3^4 

Carpenter  Bird     .......     Picus  principals   .....  275 

Catbird       .........     Turdus  felivox  ......  123 

Cedar-Bird      ........     Bombycilla  Carolinensis       .     .  71 

Changes  in  the  Habits  of  Birds    ......     .......  216 

Chewink     .........     Fringilla,  erythrophtha.'ma    .     .  95 

Chickadee  .........     Par  us  palustris      .....  278 

Chimney-Swallow     ......     Hir  undo  pel  asgia   .....  igg 

Clapper-  Rail    ........     Rallus  crepitans     .....  230 

Cliff-Swallow  ........     Ilirundo  fuha  ......  164 

Clouds   .......     ..............  214 

Cock      ..........     Phasian  us  (/alias    .....  ^JQ 

Cowbird      .........     Icterus  pecoris  ......  140 


Crane    ..........     Ardea  Herodias     .....  235 

Crow      ..........     Corvus  corone  ......  289 

Cuckoo  ..........     Ouculus  Americanus  ....  ^40 

D. 

December   ....................  041 

Dove      .........  Columba 


307 

Downy  Woodpecker Picus  pubescens 281 

Duck,  Common Anas  boschas gjg 

F. 

Facts  that  prove  the  Utility  of  Birds 256 

February 299 

Flicker Picus  auratus 105 

Foraging  Habits  of  Birds 153 

G. 

Golden-crowned  Thrush      ....     Turdus  aurocapillus    ....  97 

Golden  Robin Icterus  Baltimore 65 

Golden-winged  Woodpecker     ,     ,     ,     Picus  auratus    , 105 


INDEX.  3 

Goose Anser 313 

Green  "Warbler Sylvia  virens 99 

Grosbeak,  Rose-breasted     ....     Fringilla  Ludoviciana      .     .     .  105 

Ground- Robin Fringilla  erythrophthalma    .     .  93 

Gull Larus  argentatus 254 

H. 

Habits  of  Birds,  Changes  in 210 

II air- Bird        Fringilla  socialis    .     .     .     .     .  18 

Hairy  Woodpecker Picus  villosus 282 

Hemp-Bird Fringilla  tristis 20 

Hermit-Thrush Turdus  solitarius 117 

Heron 233 

Heron,  Blue Ardea  Herodias 235 

Hibernation  of  Swallows 179 

House-Sparrow Fringilla  domestic*     ....  305 

House-Wren Troglodytes  fu/vus       ....  49 

Humming-Bird Trochilus  colubris       ....  175 

I. 

Indigo -Bird Fringilla  cyanea 74 

J. 

January 26C 

July 112 

June .     .  83 

K. 

Kingbird Muscicapa  tyrannus    ....  170 

Kingfisher Al(edo  atcyon 251 


L. 

Lark,  Meadow      . Sturnus  Ludovicianus      ...  69 

Log-Cock Picus  pile  at  us 275 

Loon Colymbus  glacialis       ....  255 


INDEX. 


M. 


Marsh -Wren Troglodytes  brevirostris  ...  52 

Maryland  Yellow-Throat     ....     Sylvia  Irichas 10 j 

May 56 

Meadow-Lark Sturnus  Ludovicianus      ...  69 

Mocking-Bird Turdus  polyglottus      ....  202 

Music  of  Birds 7 

N. 
Night-Hawk  > 

Night-Jar       \ *     '     CaPnmufffus  Virgimanus      .     .  J99 

November 220 


Nuthatch Sitla  Carolinensis 


0. 


285 


October      .....     ...............  185 

O'Lincoln  Family      .................  4% 

Oven  -Bird  .....     ....     Turdus  aurocapillus    ....  97 

Owls      .............     .     .......  190 


P. 

Peabody-Bird  ........     Fringilla  albicollis      ....  24 

Pewee    ..........     Mnsclcapa  nuncio/a    .     .     .     .  ^72 

Plea  for  the  Birds     .................  108 

Plover,  Upland                    ..    ..............  254 

Plumage  of  Birds                 ...............  55 

Preacher     .     .     ..    -.               ...      Vireo  olivaceus      .....  40 

Protection  of  Birds    ......     ...........  131 

Purple  Finch  ........     TringiUa  purpurea      ....  22 

Purple  Grackle      .......     Quiscalus  versicolor    .     .     .     .  143 

Purple  Martin      ......     Hirundo  purpurea      .  1^7 

Q. 

Q,ua-Bird    .........     Ardea  discors   ......  234 

Quail     .....     .....     Perdix  Virg'miana       .      .     .     .  549 


INDEX 


R. 

Red-breasted  Woodpecker  ....     Picus  Carolinus 275 

Red-headed  Woodpecker     ....     Picus  erythrucephalus      .     .     .  282 

Redstart Muscicapa  ruticilla     ....  95 

Red-Thrush Turdus  rufus 12j 

Redwing-Blackbird        Icterus  p hoe nice us 144 

Robin Turdus  migratorius     ....  gj 

Rose-breasted  Grosbeak      ....     Fringilla  Ludooiclana      .     .     .  JQ^ 

Ruffed  Grouse Tetrao  umbettus 15  ^ 

S. 

Sand-Martin Hirundo  riparia 166 

Saw-Whetter Strix  Acadica    ......  194 

Scarlet  Tanager Tanagra  rubra  ......  103 

Screec-h-Owl Strix  Asia     .......  195 

September 160 

Singing-Birds • 26 

Snipe Scolopax  Wilsonii       ....  227 

Song-Sparrow 12 

Sounds  from  Animate  Nature 260 

Sounds  from  Inanimate  Nature 294 

Speckled  Creeper Certhia  maculata  .....  97 

Spotted  Tattler Totanus  macular'ms    ....  252 

Summer  Yellow-Bird Sylvia  cilnnella 75 

Swallows  :  their  Hibernation 179 

Swan 316 

Swamp-Sparrow 91 

T. 

Tattler Totanus  macularius    ....  252 

Testimony  for  the  Birds 237 

Titmouse,  Black-capped      ....     Parus  palustris  • 280 

Turkey  .          Meleagris  gallipavo    .      .     .     .  312 

Turtle-Dove Columba  Carolinensis      .     ,     .  309 

U. 

Upland  Plover Totanus  Bartramius   ....  254 

Utility  of  Birds,  Facts  that  prove  the 256 


INuEX. 


V. 

Veery Turdus  WUsonii 121 

Vesper-Sparrow Fringilla  graminea      ....  16 

Vireo 37 

Virginia  Rail Rallus  Virginianus      ....  229 

w. 

Whippoorwill Caprimulgus  vociferus      .     .     .  197 

Why  Birds  sing  in  the  Night .  213 

Wilson's  Thrush Turdus  WUsonii 121 

Winter  Birds 271 

Winter-Wren Troglodytes  ky emails  ....  52 

Woodcock Scolopax  rusticola      ....  224 

Woodpecker,  Downy ,      .  281 

Hairy 282 

Red-headed 282 

Wood-Sparrow Fringilla  pusilla 92 

Wood-Swallow Hirundo  bicolor 165 

Wood-Pewee Muscicapa  virens 174 

Thrush-Wood Turdus  mdodus 120 


MUSIC   OF 

AMONG  civilized  people  those  are  the  most  cheerful 
and  happy,  if  possessed  of  a  benevolent  heart  and  favored 
with  the  ordinary  gifts  of  fortune,  who  have  acquired  by 
habit  and  education  the  power  of  deriving  pleasure  from 
the  objects  that  lie  immediately  around  them.  But  these 
sources  of  happiness  are  open  to  those  only  who  are  en- 
dowed with  sensibility,  and  who  have  received  a  favora- 
ble intellectual  training.  The  more  ordinary  the  mental 
and  moral  organization  and  culture  of  the  individual,  the 
more  far-fetched  and  dear-bought  must  be  his  enjoyments. 
Nature  has  given  us  in  full  development  only  those  appe- 
tites which  are  necessary  to  our  physical  well-being.  She 
has  left  our  moral  powers  and  affections  in  the  germ,  to 
be  developed  by  education  and  reflection.  Hence  that 
serene  delight  that  comes  chiefly  from  the  exercise  of  the 
imagination  and  the  moral  sentiments  can  be  felt  only 
by  persons  of  superior  and  peculiar  refinement  of  mind. 
The  ignorant  and  rude  are  dazzled  and  delighted  by  the 
display  of  gorgeous  splendor,  and  charmed  by  loud  and 
stirring  sounds.  But  the  more  simple  melodies  and  less 
attractive  colors  and  forms,  that  appeal  to  the  imagination 
for  their  principal  effect,  are  felt  only  by  individuals  of  a 
poetic  temperament. 


8  MUSIC   OF   BIRDS. 

In  proportion  as  we  have  been  trained  to  be  agreeably 
affected  by  the  outward  forms  of  nature  and  the  sounds 
that  proceed  from  the  animate  and  the  inanimate  world 
are  we  capable  of  being  happy  without  resorting  to  vulgar 
and  costly  recreations.  Then  will  the  aspects  of  nature, 
continually  changing  with  the  progress  of  the  seasons,  and 
the  songs  that  enliven  their  march,  satisfy  that  craving 
for  agreeable  sensations  which  would  otherwise  lead  us 
away  from,  humble,  and  healthful  pursuits  to  those  of  an 
artificial  and  exciting  life.  The  value  of  these  pleasures 
V  ,s\!7ivi:nci;t-  -Is  derived  not  so  much  from  their  cheapness 
as  from  their  favorable  moral  influences,  that  improve 
and  pleasantly  exercise  the  mind  without  tasking  its 
powers.  Those  quiet  emotions,  half  musical  and  half 
poetical,  which  are  awakened  by  the  songs  of  birds,  be- 
long to  this  class  of  refined  enjoyments. 

But  the  music  of  birds,  though  delightful  to  all,  con- 
veys active  and  durable  pleasure  only  to  those  who  have 
learned  to  associate  with  their  notes,  in  connection  with 
the  scenes  of  nature,  a  crowd  of  interesting  and  romantic 
images.  To  many  persons  of  this  character  it  affords 
more  delight  than  the  most  brilliant  music  of  the  concert 
or  the  opera.  In  vain  will  it  be  said  as  an  objection,  that 
the  notes  of  birds  have  no  charm  save  that  of  association, 
and  do  not  equal  the  melody  of  a  simple  reed  or  flag- 
eolet. It  is  sufficient  to  reply  that  the  most  delight- 
ful influences  of  nature  proceed  from  sights  and  sounds 
that  appeal  to  a  poetic  sentiment  through  the  medium  of 
slight  and  almost  insensible  impressions  made  upon  the 
eye  and  the  ear.  At  the  moment  when  these  physical 
impressions  exceed  a  certain  mean,  the  spell  is  broken, 
and  the  enjoyment,  if  it  continues,  becomes  sensual,  not 
intellectual.  How  soon,  indeed,  would  the  songs  of  birds 
pall  upon  the  ear  if  they  were  loud  and  brilliant  like 
a  band  of  instruments.  It  is  simplicity  that  gives  them 
their  charm. 


MUSIC   OF   BIRDS.  9 

As  an  illustration  of  the  truth  of  this  remark,  I  would 
say  that  simple  melodies  have  among  all  people  exercised 
a  greater  power  over  the  imagination,  though  producing 
less  pleasure  to  the  ear,  than  louder  and  more  complicated 
music.  Nature  employs  a  very  small  amount  of  physical 
agency  to  create  sentiment,  and  when  an  excess  is  used 
a  diminished  effect  is  produced.  I  am  persuaded  that  the 
effect  of  our  sacred  music  is  injured  by  an  excess  of  har- 
mony or  too  great  a  volume  of  sound.  A  loud  crash  of 
tli under  deafens  and  terrifies,  but  its  low  and  distant  rum- 
bling produces  a  pleasant  emotion  of  sublimity. 

The  songs  of  birds  are  as  intimately  allied  with  poetry 
as  with  music.  "Feathered  Lyric"  is  a  name  that  has 
been  applied  to  the  Lark  by  one  of  the  English  poets ; 
and  the  analogy  is  apparent  when  we  consider  how  much 
the  song  of  this  bird  resembles  a  lyrical  ballad  in  its 
influence  on  the  mind.  Though  the  song  of  a  bird  is 
without  words,  how  plainly  does  it  suggest  a  long  train 
of  agreeable  images  of  love,  beauty,  friendship,  and  home  ! 
When  a  young  person  is  affected  with  grief,  he  Seldom 
fails,  if  endowed  with  a  sensitive  mind,  to  listen  to  the 
birds  as  sympathizers  in  his  affliction.  Through  them 
the  deities  of  the  grove  seem  to  offer  him  their  conso- 
lation. By  his  companionship  with  the  objects  of  nature 
all  pleasing  sights  and  sounds  have  become  anodynes  for 
his  sorrow  ;  and  those  who  have  this  mental  alembic  for 
turning  grief  into  poetic  melancholy  cannot  be  reduced 
to  despondency.  This  poetic  sentiment  exalts  our  pleas- 
ures and  soothes  our  afflictions  by  some  illusive  charm, 
derived  from  religion  or  romance.  Without  this  reflection 
of  light  from  poetry,  what  is  the  passion  of  love,  and 
what  our  love  of  beauty,  but  a  mere  gravitation  ? 


SPARROWS. 


BIEDS   OF  THE   GAEDEN  AND   OECHAED. 

I. 

THE  singing-birds  whose  notes  are  familiar  to  us  in 
towns  and  villages  and  in  the  suburbs  of  cities  are  stran- 
gers to  the  deep  woods  and  solitary  pastures.  Our  familiar 
birds  follow  in  the  wake  of  the  pioneer  of  the  wilderness, 
and  increase  in  numbers  with  the  clearing  and  settlement 
of  the  country,  not  from  any  feeling  of  dependence  on  the 
protection  of  man,  but  from  the  greater  supply  of  insect 
food  caused  by  the  tilling  of  the  ground.  It  is  well  known 
that  the  labors  of  the  farmer  cause  an  excessive  multipli- 
cation of  all  those  insects  whose  larvse  are  cherished  in  the 
soil,  and  of  all  that  infest  the  garden  and  orchard.  The 
farm  is  capable  of  supporting  insects  in  the  ratio  of  its 
capacity  for  producing  fruit.  These  will  multiply  with 
their  means  of  subsistence  contained  in  and  upon  the 
earth ;  and  birds,  if  not  destroyed  by  man,  will  increase 
with  the  insects  that  constitute  their  food. 

Hence  we  may  explain  the  fact,  which  often  excites 
surprise,  that  more  singing-birds  are  seen  in.  the  suburbs 
of  a  great  city  than  in  the  deep  forest,  where,  even  in  the 
vocal  season,  the  silence  is  sometimes  melancholy.  The 
species  which  are  thus  familiar  in  their  habits,  though 
but  a  small  part  of  the  whole  number,  include  nearly  all 
the  singing-birds  that  are  known  to  the  generality  of  our 
people.  These  are  the  birds  of  the  garden  and  orchard. 
There  are  many  other  species,  wild  and  solitary  in  their 
habits,  which  are  delightful  songsters  in  the  uncultivated 
regions  lying  outside  of  the  farm.  Even  these  are  rare 
in  the  depths  of  the  forest.  They  live  on  the  edge  of  the 


12       BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD. 

wood  and  the  half- wooded  pasture.  The  birds  of  the  gar- 
den and  orchard  have  been  frequently  described,  and  are 
very  generally  known,  though  but  little  has  been  said  of 
their  powers  and  peculiarities  of  song.  In  the  sketches 
that  follow  I  have  given  particular  attention  to  the  vocal 
powers  of  the  different  birds,  and  have  attempted  to 
designate  the  part  that  each  one  performs  in  the  grand 
hymn  of  Nature. 

THE   SONG-SPARROW. 

The  Song-Sparrow,  one  of  our  most  familiar  birds, 
claims  our  first  attention  as  the  earliest  visitant  and 
latest  resident  of  all  the  tuneful  band,  and  one  that  is 
universally  known  and  admired.  He  is  plain  in  his  ves- 
ture, undistinguished  from  the  female  by  any  superiority 
of  plumage.  He  comes  forth  in  the  spring  and  takes  his 
departure  in  the  autumn  in  the  same  suit  of  russet  and 
gray  by  which  he  is  always  identified.  In  March,  before 
the  violet  has  ventured  to  peep  out  from  the  southern 
slope  of  the  pasture  or  the  sunny  brow  of  the  hill,  while 
the  northern  skies  are  liable  at  any  hour  to  pour  down 
a  storm  of  sleet  and  snow,  the  Song-Sparrow,  beguiled 
by  southern  winds,  has  already  appeared,  and  on  still 
mornings  may  be  heard  warbling  his  few  merry  notes, 
as  if  to  make  the  earliest  announcement  of  his  arrival. 
He  is  therefore  the  true  harbinger  of  spring ;  and,  if  not 
the  sweetest  songster,  he  has  the  merit  of  bearing  to  man 
the  earliest  tidings  of  the  opening  year,  and  of  proclaim- 
ing the  first  vernal  promises  of  the  season.  As  the  notes 
of  those  birds  that  sing  only  in  the  night  come  with  a 
double  charm  to  our  ears,  because  they  are  harmonized 
by  silence  and  hallowed  by  the  hour  that  is  sacred  to 
repose,  in  like  manner  does  the  Song-Sparrow  delight  us 
in  tenfold  measure,  because  he  sings  the  sweet  prelude  to 
the  universal  hymn. 


BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD.       13 

His  haunts  are  fields  half  cultivated  and  bordered  with 
wild  shrubbery.  He  is  somewhat  more  timid  than  the 
Hair-Bird,  that  comes  close  up  to  our  doorsteps  to  find 
the  crumbs  that  are  swept  from  our  tables.  Though  his 
voice  is  constantly  heard  in  the  garden  and  orchard,  he 
selects  a  retired  spot  for  his  nest,  preferring  not  to  trust 
his  progeny  to  the  doubtful  mercy  of  the  lords  of  crea- 
tion. In  some  secure  retreat,  under  a  tussock  of  moss  or 
a  tuft  of  low  shrubbery,  the  female  sits  upon  her  nest 
of  soft  dry  grass,  containing  four  or  five  eggs  of  a  green- 
ish-white surface  covered  with  brownish  specks.  Begin- 
ning in  April,  she  rears  two  and  often  three  broods  during 
the  season,  and  her  mate  prolongs  his  notes  until  the  last 
brood  has  flown  from  the  nest. 

The  notes  of  the  Song-Sparrow  would  not  entitle  him 
to  rank  with  our  principal  singing- birds,  were  it  not  for 
the  remarkable  variations  in  his  song,  in  which  I  think 
he  is  equalled  by  no  other  bird.  Of  these  variations 
there  are  -six  or  seven  that  may  be  distinctly  recognized, 
differing  enough  to  be  considered  separate  tunes,  but  they 
are  all  based  upon  the  same  theme.  The  bird  does  not 
warble  these  in  regular  succession.  It  is  in  the  habit  of 
repeating  one  of  them  several  times,  then  leaves  it  and 
repeats  another  in  a  similar  manner.  Mr.  Charles  S. 
Paine,  of  East  Eandolph,  Massachusetts,  was,  I  believe, 
the  first  to  observe  this  habit  of  the  Song-Sparrow.  He 
took  note,  on  one  occasion,  of  the  number  of  times  a  par- 
ticular bird  sang  each  of  the  tunes.  As  he  had  numbered 
them,  the  bird  sang  No.  1,  21  times  ;  No.  2,  36  times  ; 
No.  3,  23  times  ;  No.  4,  19  times  ;  No.  5,  21  times ;  No. 
6,  32  times  ;  No.  7,  18  times.  He  made  the  same  ex- 
periment with  a  dozen  different  individuals ;  and  was 
confident  from  these  trials  that  each  male  has  his  seven 
songs,  or  variations  of  the  theme,  and  they  are  all  equally 
irregular  in  the  order  of  singing  them. 


14  BIRDS    OF    '1HE    GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD. 

After  reading  Mr.  Paine's  letter,  I  listened  carefully  to 
the  Song-Sparrow,  in  the  summer  of  1857,  that  I  might 
learn  to  distinguish  the  different  tunes,  as  reported  by 
him.  I  had  never  thought  of  it  before ;  but  in  less 
than  a  week  I  could  distinctly  recognize  the  whole  seven, 
and  was  convinced  that  his  observations  were  perfectly 
correct.  It  is  remarkable  that  when  one  powerful  singer 
takes  up  a  particular  tune,  other  birds  in  the  vicinity 
will  follow  with  the  same.  These  are  mostly  in  triple 
time,  some  in  common  time,  while  in  others  the  time 
could  not  .be  distinguished.  Each  tune,  however,  con- 
sists of  four  bars  or  strains,  sometimes  five,  though  late 
in  the  season  the  song  is  frequently  broken  off  at  the 
end  of  the  third  strain.  This  habit  of  varying  his  notes 
through  so  many  changes,  and  the  singularly  fine  intona- 
tions of  many  of  them,  entitle  the  Song-Sparrow  to  a 
very  high  rank  as  a  singing-bird. 

There  is  a  plain  difference  in  the  expression  of  these 
several  variations.  The  one  which  I  have  marked  No.  3 
is  very  plaintive,  and  is  in  common  time.  No.  2  is  the 
one  which  I  have  most  frequently  heard.  No.  5  is  quer- 
ulous and  unmusical.  There  is  a  remarkable  precision 
in  the  Song-Sparrow's  notes,  and  the  finest  singers  are 
those  which,  in  the  language  of  musicians,  display  the  least 
execution.  Some  blend  their  notes  together  so  rapidly 
and  promiscuously,  arid  use  so  many  operatic  flourishes, 
that  if  all  were  like  them  it  would  be  impossible  to  distin- 
guish the  seven  different  variations  in  the  song  of  this  bird. 

Whether  these  tunes  of  the  Song-Sparrow  express  to 
his  mate  or  to  others  of  his  species  different  sentiments, 
and  convey  different  messages,  or  whether  they  are  the 
offspring  of  mere  caprice,  T  cannot  determine.  Nor  have 
I  learned  whether  a  certain  hour  of  the  day  or  a  certain 
state  of  the  weather  predisposes  the  bird  to  sing  a  par- 
ticular tune.  This  point  may  perhaps  be  determined  by 


BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN    AND    ORCHARD. 


15 


some  future  observer,  who  may  discover  that  the  birds  of 
this  species  have  their  matins  and  their  vespers,  their 
songs  of  rejoicing  and  their  notes  of  complaint,  of  court- 
ship when  in  presence  of  their  mate,  and  of  encourage- 
ment and  solace  when  she  is  sitting  upon  her  nest.  Since 
Nature  has  a  benevolent  object  in  every  instinct  bestowed 
upon  her  creatures,  it  is  not  probable  that  this  habit  of 
the  Song-Sparrow  is  one  that  serves  no  important  end  in 
his  life  and  habits.  All  the  variations  of  his  song  are 
given  below ;  and  though  individuals  differ  in  their  sing- 
ing, the  notes  will  afford  a  good  general  idea  of  the  sev- 
eral tunes. 


No.  4.    Plaintive. 


f-i"    n    p— B  -  '     I  '  I  '  r        '     .        — 9~* — *^ — FF-FFFF-r 

p^^a^^^^^^^^^^^^SEE 

*:*^+<±**±*!d-,-_  —^-Z*—^-  gg^LE-ttB1- 


No.  6.     Subdued  and  querulous. 


16       BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD. 


No.  7.    Brilliant. 

to- 


NOTE.  —  The  notes  marked  guttural  seem  to  me  to  be  performed  by  a 
rapid  trilling  of  these  notes  with  their  octave.  No  bird  sings  constantly 
in  so  regular  time  as  is  represented  above,  and  the  intervals  between  the 
high  notes  are  very  irregular.  Both  the  time  and  the  tune  are  in  great 
measure  ad  libitum. 


THE  VESPER-SPARROW. 

Soon  after  the  arrival  of  the  Song-Sparrow,  before  the 
flowers  are  yet  conspicuous  in  the  meadows,  we  are 
greeted  by  the  more  fervent  and  lengthened  notes  of  the 
Vesper-Bird,  poured  forth  with  a  peculiarly  pensive  mod- 
ulation. This  species  resembles  the  Song-Sparrow,  but 
may  be  distinguished  when  on  the  wing  by  two  white 
lateral  feathers  in  the  tail.  The  chirp,  or  complaining 
note,  of  the  Song-Sparrow  is  louder  and  pitched  on  a 
lower  key.  The  Vesper- Bird  is  the  less  familiar  of  the 
two,  and,  when  both  are  singing  at  the  same  time,  will 
be  seen  to  occupy  a  position  more  remote  from  the  house. 
In  several  places  they  are  distinguished  by  the  names  of 
Ground-Sparrow  and  Bush-Sparrow,  from  their  supposed 
different  habits  of  placing  their  nests.  I  believe,  how- 
ever, that  while  the  Song-Sparrow  always  builds  upon  the 
ground,  the  Vesper-Bird  builds  indifferently  upon  the 
ground  or  in  a  bush. 

The  Vesper-Bird,  of  the  two  species,  attracts  more 
general  attention  to  his  notes,  because  he  sings  a  longer 
though  more  monotonous  song,  and  warbles  with  more 
fervency.  His  notes  resemble  those  of  the  Canary,  but 
they  are  more  subdued  and  plaintive,  and  have  a  reedy 
sound  which  is  not  perceptible  in  the  Canary's  tones. 


BIRDS   OF   THK   GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD.          •       17 

This  bird  is  somewhat  periodical  in  his  singing  habits, 
confining  his  lays  in  some  measure  to  certain  hours  of 
the  day  and  conditions  of  the  weather.  The  Song-Sparrow 
sings  about  equally  during  every  hour  from  morning  till 
night,  and  the  different  performers  do  not  always  join  in 
concert.  This  habit  renders  the  little  songster  more  com- 
panionable, but  at  the  same  time  causes  his  notes  to  be 
less  regarded  than  those  of  the  Vesper-Bird,  who  sings 
in  concert  with  others  of  his  kind,  and  at  more  regular 
periods. 

The  Vesper-Bird  joins  at  day-spring  with  all  his  kin- 
dred in  the  general  anthem  of  morn,  after  which  he  sings 
occasionally  during  the  day,  especially  at  an  hour  when 
it  is  still  and  cloudy,  but  most  fervently  during  the  sun's 
decline  until  dusk.  Hence  is  derived  the  name  it  bears, 
from  its  evening  hymn,  or  vespers.  There  are  particular 
states  of  the  weather  that  call  out  the  songsters  of  this 
species  and  make  them  tuneful,  as  when  rain  is  suddenly 
followed  by  sunshine,  or  when  a  clear  sky  is  suddenly 
darkened  by  clouds,  presenting  an  occasional  morn  and 
an  occasional  even.  In  this  respect  these  birds  are  not 
peculiar,  but  by  singing  together  in  numbers  their  habit 
is  more  noticeable.  We  seldom  hear  one  of  them  singing 
alone.  When  one  begins,  all  others  in  the  vicinity  im- 
mediately join  him. 

The  usual  resorts  of  the  Vesper-Bird  are  the  hayfields 
and  pastures,  from  which  he  has  derived  the  name  of 
Grass-Finch.  His  voice  is  heard  frequently  by  rustic 
roadsides,  where  he  picks  up  a  considerable  part  of  his 
subsistence  ;  arid  it  is  remarkable  that  this  songster  more 
frequently  sings  from  a  fence,  a  post,  or  a  rail  than  from 
a  tree  or  a  bush.  This  is  the  little  bird  that  so  generally 
serenades  us  during  an  evening  walk  at  a  short  distance 
from  the  town,  and  not  so  near  the  woods  as  the  haunts 
of  the  Thrushes.  When  we  go  out  into  the  country  on 


18       BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD. 

pleasant  days  in  June  or  July,  at  nightfall  we  hear  mul- 
titudes of  them  singing  sweetly  from  many  different 
points  in  the  fields  and  farms. 

THE   HAIR-BIRD. 

A  gentle  and  harmless  little  bird,  attracting  attention 
chiefly  by  his  taineness  and  familiarity,  chirping  at  all 
hours,  but  without  a  very  melodious  song,  is  the  Hair- 
Bird,  belonging  to  the  family  of  Sparrows,  but  differing 
from  all  the  others  in  many  of  his  habits.  He  is  one  of 
the  smallest  of  the  tribe,  of  an  ashen-brown  color  above  and 
grayish-white  beneath.  He  wears  a  little  cap  or  turban 
of  velvety-brown  upon  his  head,  and  by  this  mark  he  is 
readily  distinguished  from  his  kindred.  Relying  on  his 
diminutive  size  for  security,  he  comes  quite  up  to  our 
doorstep,  mindless  of  the  people  who  are  assembled  near 
it,  and,  fearless  of  danger,  picks  up  the  scattered  crumbs 
and  seeds.  His  voice  is  not  heard  in  the  spring  so  early 
as  that  of  the  Song-Sparrow  and  the  Bluebird.  He  lives 
chiefly  upon  seeds,  though  like  other  granivorous  birds 
he  feeds  his  young  with  larwT.  This  is  a  general  practice 
among  the  seed-eaters,  in  order  to  provide  their  young  with 
soft  and  digestible  food.  Nature  has  provided  in  a  differ- 
ent manner,  however,  for  the  Pigeon  tribe.  The  parent 
bird  softens  the  food  in  its  own  crop  before  it  is  given  to 
the  offspring.  From  the  peculiar  manner  in  which  the 
young  are  fed  comes  the  expression  "  sucking  doves." 

It  is  common  to  speak  disparagingly  of  the  Hair-Bird, 
as  if  he  were  good  for  nothing,  without  beauty  and  with- 
out song.  He  is  despised  even  by  epicures,  because  his 
weight  of  flesh  is  not  worth  a  charge  of  powder  and  shot. 
Though  he  is  contemptuously  styled  the  "  Chipping-Spar- 
row,"  on  account  of  his  shrill  note,  this  name  I  shall 
never  consent  to  apply  to  him.  His  voice  is  no  mean 
accompaniment  to  the  general  chorus  which  may  be  heard 


BIRDS    OF    THE   GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD.  19 

on  every  still  morning  before  sunrise  during  May  and 
June.  His  continued  trilling  note  is  to  this  warbling 
band  like  the  octave  flute,  as  heard  in  a  grand  concert  of 
artificial  instruments.  The  voices  of  numbers  of  his  spe- 
cies, which  are  the  first  to  be  heard  and  the  last  to  become 
silent  in  the  morning,  serve  to  fill  up  the  pauses  in  this 
sylvan  anthem  like  a  running  accompaniment  in  certain 
musical  compositions.  How  little  soever  the  Hair-Bird 
may  be  valued  as  a  songster,  his  voice,  I  am  sure,  would 
be  most  sadly  missed,  were  it  nevermore  to  be  heard 
charmingly  blending  with  the  louder  voices  of  other  chor- 
isters. 

How  often,  on  still  sultry  nights  in  summer,  when  hardly 
a  breeze  was  stirring,  and  when  the  humming  of  the  moth 
might  be  plainly  heard  as  it  glided  by  my  open  window, 
have  I  been  charmed  by  the  note  of  this  little  bird,  ut- 
tered trillingly  from  the  branch  of  a  neighboring  tree.  He 
seems  to  be  the  sentinel  whom  Nature  has  appointed  to 
watch  for  the  first  gleam  of  dawn,  which  he  always  faith- 
fully announces  before  any  other  bird  is  awake.  Two  or 
three  strains  from  his  octave  pipe  are  the  signal  for  a  gen- 
eral awakening  of  the  birds,  and  one  by  one  they  join  the 
song,  until  the  whole  air  resounds  with  an  harmonious 
medley  of  voices. 

The  Hair-Bird  has  a  singular  habit  of  sitting  on  the 
ground  while  thus  chirping  at  early  dawn  ;  but  I  am 
confident  lie  is  perched  in  a  tree  during  the  night.  The 
nest  is  most  frequently  placed  upon  an  apple-tree,  or 
upon  some  tall  bush,  seldom  more  than  ten  feet  from  the 
ground.  I  have  found  it  in  the  vinery  upon  the  trunk 
of  an  elm.  It  is  very  neatly  constructed  of  the  fibres 
of  roots  firmly  woven  together,  and  beautifully  lined  with 
fine  soft  hair,  whence  his  name.  It  is  unsurpassed  in  neat- 
ness and  beauty  by  the  nest  of  any  other  bird.  The  eggs 
are  four  in  number,  of  a  pale  blue  with  dark  spots. 


20  BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN   AND    ORCHARD. 


THE   AMERICAN    GOLDFINCH. 

During  all  the  pleasant  days  of  autumn,  when  the 
thistle  and  sunflower  are  ripening  their  seeds,  after  the 
songs  of  the  birds  have  ceased,  and  we  greet  them  only 
as  friends  after  the  concert  is  over,  we  hear  the  plaintive 
chirping  of  the  Hemp-Birds,  arid  see  the  frequent  flashing 
of  their,  golden  plumage  among  the  thistles  and  golden- 
rods.  Like  butterflies  they  are  seen  in  all  the  open  past- 
ures and  meadows  that  abound  in  compound  flowers,  not  in 
flocks,  but  scattered  in  great  numbers,  and  always,  when 
flying  from  one  field  to  another,  uttering  their  singularly 
plaintive  but  cheerful  cry.  This  is  so  sweetly  modulated 
that,  when  many  of  them  are  assembled,  the  songs  of 
early  summer  seem  to  be  temporarily  revived.  They  are 
very  familiar  and  active,  always  flitting  about  our  flower- 
gardens  when  they  abound  in  marigolds  and  asters. 

The  Hemp-Bird  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  the 
Canary  in  his  habits  and  the  notes  of  his  song.  Being 
deficient  in  compass  and  variety,  he  cannot  be  ranked 
with  the  finest  of  our  songsters.  But  he  has  great  sweet- 
ness of  tone,  and  is  equalled  by  few  birds  in  the  rapidity 
of  his  execution.  His  note  of  complaint  is  also  like  that 
of  the  Canary,  and  is  heard  at  almost  all  times  of  the 
year.  He  utters,  when  flying,  a  rapid  series  of  notes 
during  the  repeated  undulations  of  his  flight,  and  they 
seem  to  be  uttered  with  each  effort  he  makes  to  rise. 

The  female  does  not  build  her  nest  before  the  first 
broods  of  the  Eobin  and  the  Song-Sparrow  have  flown. 
Mr.  Augustus  Fowler,  of  Danvers,  thinks,  from  his  ob- 
servation of  the  habits  of  these  birds  when  feeding 
their  young,  that  the  cause  of  this  delay  is  "  that  they 
would  be  unable  to  find  in  the  spring  those  milky  seeds 
which  are  the  necessary  food  for  their  young,"  and  takes 
occasion  to  allude  to  that  beneficent  law  of  Nature  pro- 


BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD.        21 

viding  that  these  birds  "should  not  bring  forth  their 
young  until  the  time  when  the  seeds  used  by  them  for 
food  have  passed  into  the  milk,  and  may  be  easily  dis- 
solved by  the  stomach." 

These  little  birds  are  remarkable  for  associating  at  a 
certain  season,  and  singing  as  it  were  in  choirs.  "During 
spring  and  summer,"  says  Mr.  Fowler,  "  they  rove  about 
in  small  flocks,  and  in  July  will  assemble  together  in  con- 
siderable numbers  on  a  particular  tree,  seemingly  for  no 
other  purpose  than  to  sing.  These  concerts  are  held  by 
them  on  the  forenoon  of  each  day  for  a  week  or  ten  days, 
after  which  they  soon  build  their  nests.  I  am  inclined 
to  believe  that  this  is  the  time  of  their  courtship,  and 
that  they  have  a  purpose  in  their  meetings  beside  that  of 
singing.  If  perchance  one  is  heard  in  the  air,  the  males 
utter  their  call-note  with  great  emphasis,  particularly  if 
the  new-comer  be  a  female ;  and  while,  in  her  undulating- 
flight,  she  describes  a  circle  preparatory  to  alighting,  they 
will  stand  almost  erect,  move  their  heads  to  the  right  and 
left,  and  burst  simultaneously  into  song." 

While  engaged  in  these  concerts  it  would  seem  as  if 
they  were  governed  by  some  rule  that  enabled  them  to 
time  their  voices,  and  to  swell  or  diminish  the  volume  of 
sound.  Some  of  this  effect  is  undoubtedly  produced  by 
the  gradual  manner  in  which  the  different  voices  join  in 
harmony,  beginning  with  one  or  two  and  increasing  their 
numbers  in  rapid  succession,  until  all  are  singing  at  once, 
and  then  in  the  same  gradual  manner  becoming  silent. 
One  voice  leads  on  another,  the  numbers  multiplying, 
until  they  make  a  loud  shout  which  dies  away  gradually, 
and  a  single  voice  winds  up  the  chorus.  These  concerts 
are  repeated  at  intervals  for  several  days,  ending  probably 
with  the  period  of  courtship. 

A  singular  habit  of  the  Hemp-Bird  is  that  of  building 
a  nest,  and  then  tearing  it  to  pieces,  before  any  eggs  have 


22  BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN    AND    ORCHARD. 

been  laid  in  it,  and  using  the  materials  to  make  a  new 
nest  in  another  place.  When  I  was  a  student  I  repeat- 
edly observed  this  operation  in  some  Lombardy  poplars 
that  grew  before  my  study  windows.  I  thought  the  male 
bird  only  addicted  to  this  habit,  and  that  it  might  be  his 
method  of  amusing  himself  before  his  mate  is  ready  to 
occupy  the  nest.  This  is  made  of  cotton,  the  down  of 
the  fern,  and  other  soft  materials  woven  together  with 
threads  or  the  fibres  of  bark,  and  lined  with  cow's-hair. 
It  is  commonly  placed  in  the  fork  of  the  slender  branches 
of  a  maple,  linden,  or  poplar,  and  is  fastened  to  them  with 
singular  ingenuity. 


THE   PURPLE   FINCH   OR  AMERICAN   LINNET. 

The  American  Linnet  is  almost  a  new  acquaintance  of 
many  people  in  Eastern  Massachusetts.  In  my  early  day.s, 
which  were' passed  in  Essex  County,  I  seldom  met  one  in 
my  rambles.  It  is  now  very  common  in  this  region,  and 
has  been  more  generally  observed  since  the  custom  of 
planting  the  spruce  and  the  fir  in  our  gardens  and  enclos- 
ures. The  Linnet,  though  not  early  in  building  its  nest, 
is  sometimes  heard  to  sing  earlier  even  than  the  Song- 
Sparrow.  I  have  frequently  heard  his  notes  in  March ; 
and  once,  in  a  mild  season,  I  heard  one  warbling  cheer- 
ily on  the  18th  of  February.  But  the  Linnet  does  not 
persevere  like  the  Song-Sparrow  and  other  early  birds. 
He  may  sing  on  a  fine  day  in  March,  and  you  may  not 
hear  him  again  before  the  middle  of  April.  Soon  after 
that  time  he  becomes  a  very  constant  singer. 

The  notes  of  this  bird  are  very  simple  and  melodious, 
delivered  without  precision,  and  different  individuals  dif- 
fer exceedingly  jn  capacity.  It  is  generally  believed  that 
the  young  males  are  the  best  singers,  and  that  age  dimin- 
ishes their  vocal  powers.  This  is  the  supposition  of  Mr. 


BIRDS   OF   THE   GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD.  23 

Nuttall ;  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  test  the  truth  of  it 
by  my  own  observation.  The  greater  number  utter  only 
a  few  strains,  resembling  the  notes  of  the  Brigadier. 
These  are  constantly  repeated  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  day.  The  song  usually  consists  of  four  or  five  strains, 
very  much  alike ;  but  when  the  bird  is  animated  he  mul- 
tiplies his  notes  ad  libitum,  varying  the  modulation  only 
by  greater  emphasis.  I  have  not  observed  that  the  Lin- 
net is  more  prone  to  sing  in  the  morning  and  evening 
than  at  any  other  hour. 

The  Linnet  is  a  somewhat  eccentric  bird  in  his  ways. 
He  is  usually  high  up  in  an  elm  or  other  tall  tree  when 
he  sings,  and  almost  out  of  sight,  like  the  Brigadier. 
Hence  he  is  as  often  heard  in  the  elms  in  the  city  as 
in  the  country.  He  sings  according  to  no  rules,  at  no 
particular  hour  of  the  day,  with  but  little  regard  to  sea- 
son, and  titters  notes  that  are  wholly  wanting  in  precision. 
His  song  is  without  a  theme,  and  seems  to  be  a  sort  of 
fantasia.  He  may  often  be  seen  sitting  on  a  fence  war- 
bling with  ecstasy  and  keeping  his  wings  in  rapid  vibra- 
tion all  the  while.  He  is  also  regardless  of  the  mischief 
he  may  do.  He  feeds  upon  the  flower-buds  of  the  elm 
and  then  upon  those  of  the  pear-tree,  thus  damaging  our 
gardens  and  keeping  himself  at  a  safe  distance  from  the 
angry  horticulturist  after  he  has  concluded  his  feast. 

I  have  seen  the  Linnet  frequently  in  confinement, 
which  he  very  cheerfully  bears  ;  but  he  will  not  sing 
if  he  be  placed  near  a  Canary-Bird,  nor  does  he  at  any 
time  sing  so  well  as  in  a  state  of  freedom.  He  likewise 
changes  his  plumage ;  and  soon,  instead  of  a  little  brown 
bird  with  crimson  neck,  you  see  one  variously  mottled 
with  brown  and  buff.  The  finest  and  most  prolonged 
strains  are  delivered  by  the  Linnet  while  on  the  wing. 
On  such  occasions  only  does  he  sing  with  fervor.  While 
perched  on  a  tree  his  song  is  usually  short  and  not  greatly 


24  BIRDS   OF   THE   GAfcDEN   AND   OftCHAfcD. 

varied.  I  think  there  may  be  less  difference  than  is  com- 
monly supposed  in  the  powers  of  individuals,  and  that 
the  songs  of  the  same  warbler  vary  with  his  feelings. 
If  you  closely  watch  one  on  a  tree  while  singing,  he 
may  be  observed  suddenly  to  take  flight,  and  while  pois- 
ing himself  in  the  air,  though  still  advancing,  to  pour  out 
a  continued  strain  of  melody  with  all  the  rapture  of  a 
Skylark. 

The  male  American  Linnet  is  crimson  on  the  head, 
neck,  and  throat,  dusky  on  the  upper  parts  of  his  body, 
and  beneath  somewhat  straw-colored.  It  is  remarkable 
that  some  of  the  males  are  wanting  in  the  crimson  head 
and  neck,  being  plainly  clad,  like  the  female.  These  are 
supposed  to  be  old  birds,  and  the  loss  of  color  is  attrib- 
uted to  age.  I  am  doubtful  of  this,  for  it  can  hardly 
be  supposed  that  any  bird  can  escape  the  gunner  long 
enough  to  become  gray  with  age.  The  only  nests  of  this 
bird  which  I  have  seen  were  upon  spruce-trees.  The 
eggs  are  of  a  pale  green  with  dark  spots  of  irregular 
size. 

THE   PEABODY-BIRD. 

In  the  northern  parts  of  New  England  only  are  the 
inhabitants  familiar  with  the  habits  of  the  Peabody-Bird, 
or  White- throated  Sparrow.  I  have  seen  it,  however, 
in  Cambridge ;  and  during  a  season  when  the  currant- 
worm  was  very  destructive,  one  individual  came  fre- 
quently into  my  garden  and  employed  himself  in  pick- 
ing the  caterpillars  from  a  row  of  currant-bushes.  As 
the  fruit  was  then  ripened,  or  partially  ripe,  his  appear- 
ance so  late  in  the  season  led  me  to  infer  that  he  had 
probably  a  nest  somewhere  in  the  Cambridge  woods. 
This  is  a  large  Sparrow,  and  a  very  fine  singing-bird. 
Samuels  says :  "  The  song  of  this  species  is  very  beauti- 
ful. It  is  difficult  of  description,  but  resembles  nearly  the 


BIRDS   OF   THE    GARDEN   AXI)    ORCHARD.  25 

syllables  'cliea,  dee  de  ;  de-d-de,  de-d-de,  de-d-de,  de-d-de, 
uttered  first  loud  and  clear,  and  rapidly  falling  in  tone 
and  decreasing  in  volume.  This  is  chanted  during  the 
morning  and  the  latter  part  of  the  day.  I  have  often 
heard  it  at  different  hours  of  the  night,  when  I  have  been 
encamped  in  the  deep  forest,  and  the  effect  at  that  time 
was  indescribably  sweet  and  plaintive.  The  fact  that 
the  bird  sings  often  in  the  night  has  given  it  the  name 
of  the  Nightingale  in  many  places,  and  the  title  is  well 
earned." 

The  inhabitants  of  Maine  mention  this  bird  as  singing 
late  in  the  season.  This  is  caused  by  his  delay  in  build- 
ing his  nest,  which  is  not  done  before  June.  The  words 
used  by  the  Peabody-Bird  in  his  song  are  thus  described 
in  that  State  :  — 


All       day        whittling,       whittling,         whittling,      whittling. 


SINGING-BIRDS. 

THE  Singing-Birds,  with  reference  to  their  songs,  are 
distinguishable  into  four  classes :  —  The  Rapid  singers, 
whose  song  is  uninterrupted,  of  considerable  length,  and 
delivered  in  apparent  ecstasy ;  the  Moderate  singers, 
whose  notes  are  slowly  modulated,  without  pauses  or  rests 
between  the  different  strains;  the  Interrupted  singers, 
who  sometimes  modulate  their  notes  with  rapidity,  but 
make  a  distinct  pause  after  each  strain.  The  Linnet  and 
the  Bobolink  are  examples  of  the  first  class  ;  the  com- 
mon Robin  and  the  Veery  of  the  second ;  the  Red 
Thrush  and  particularly  the  Hermit  Thrush  of  the  third. 
There  are  other  birds  whose  lay  consists  only  of  two  or 
three  notes,  not  sufficient  to  be  called  a  song.  The 
Bluebird  and  the  Golden  Robin  are  of  this  class. 

June,  in  this  part  of  the  world,  is  the  most  tuneful 
month  of  the  year.  Many  of  our  principal  songsters  do 
not  appear  until  near  the  middle  of  May ;  but  all,  wheth- 
er early  or  late,  continue  to  sing  throughout  the  month 
of  June.  The  birds  that  arrive  the  latest  are  not  always 
the  latest  in  returning.  The  period  of  time  they  occupy 
in  song  depends  chiefly  upon  the  number  of  broods  of 
young  they  raise  in  the  year.  If  they  raise  but  one  brood 
in  a  season,  their  period  of  song  is  short ;  if  they  raise 
two  or  more,  they  may  prolong  their  singing  into  August. 
Not  one  of  our  New  England  birds  is  an  autumnal  war- 
bler, though  the  Robin,  the  Wood-Sparrow,  and  the  Song- 
Sparrow  are  often  heard  after  the  first  of  September.  The 
tuneful  season  in  New  England  comprises  April,  May. 
and  the  three  summer  months. 


SINGING-BIRDS.  27 

There  are  certain  times  of  the  day,  as  well  as  certain 
seasons  of  the  year,  when  birds  are  most  musical.  The 
grand  concert  of  the  feathered  tribe  takes  place  during 
the~hour  between  dawn  and  sunrise.  During  the  remain- 
der of  the  day  until  evening  they  have  no  concerts. 
Each  individual  sings  according  to  its  habits,  but  we  do 
not  hear  them  collectively.  At  sunset  there  is  an  appar- 
ent attempt  to  unite  once  more  in  chorus,  but  this  is  far 
from  being  so  loud  or  so  general  as  in  the  morning,  when 
they  suffer  less  disturbance  from  man. 

There  are  but  few  birds  whose  notes  could  be  accu- 
rately described  upon  the  gamut.  We  seldom  perceive 
anything  like  artificial  pauses  or  true  musical  intervals 
in  their  time  or  melody.  Yet  they  have  no  deficiency 
of  musical  ear,  for  almost  any  singing-bird  when  young 
may  be  taught  to  warble  an  artificial  tune.  Birds  do  not 
dwell  steadily  upon  one  note  at  any  time.  They  are 
constantly  sliding  and  quavering,  and  their  songs  are 
full  of  pointed  notes.  There  are  some  species  whose 
lays,  like  those,  of  the  Whippoorwill,  resemble  an  arti- 
ficial modulation,  but  these  are  rare.  In  general  their 
musical  intervals  cannot  be  accurately  distinguished  on 
account  of  the  rapidity  of  their  utterance.  I  have  often 
endeavored  to  transcribe  their  notes  upon  the  gamut,  but 
have  not  yet  been  able  to  communicate  to  any  person 
by  this  means  a  correct  idea  of  the  song,  except  in  a 
few  extraordinary  cases.  Such  attempts  are  almost  use- 
less. 

Different  individuals  of  certain  species  often  sing  very 
unlike  each  other ;  but  if  we  listen  attentively  to  a  num- 
ber of  them,  we  shall  detect  in  all  their  songs  a  theme, 
as  it  is  termed  by  musicians,  of  which  they  severally 
warble  their  respective  variations.  Every  song  of  any 
species  is,  technically  speaking,  a  fantasia  constructed 
upon  this  theme,  from  which,  though  they  may  greatly 


28  SINGING-BIRDS. 

vary  their  notes,  no  individual  ever  departs.  The 
theme  of  the  Song-Sparrow  is  easily  written  on  the 
gamut,  out  of  which  the  bird  makes  many  variations  ; 
that  of  the  Kobin's  song  is  never  more  than  slightly 
varied ;  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  detect  in  the  medley 
of  the  Bobolink  any  theme  at  all. 

The  song  of  birds  is  innate.  It  is  not  learned,  as 
some  have  supposed,  from  parental  instruction  ;  else 
why  should  not  a  Cowbird  sing  like  a  Vireo,  which  is 
sometimes  its  foster  parent,  and  would  undoubtedly,  if 
this  were  the  usual  custom,  be  as  willing  to  teach  the 
young  interloper  to  sing  as  to  supply  it  with  food  ?  Birds 
of  the  same  species  have  by  their  organization  a  dispo- 
sition to  utter  certain  sounds  when  under  the  influence 
of  certain  feelings.  If  the  young  bird  learned  of  its 
parents,  nature  would  have  made  the  female  the  singer 
instead  of  the  male,  who,  I  am  confident,  would  not 
trouble  himself  to  be  a  music-teacher,  and,  if  he  were 
willing  to  take  this  task  upon  him,  would  not  select 
the  males  only  to  be  his  pupils.  If  we  should  see  re- 
peated instances  of  the  exemplification  of  their  mode  of 
instruction,  — -  if  we  should  see  the  young  birds  standing 
around  an  old  cock  Robin  while  he  delivers  his  song, 
note  by  note,  for  the  young  to  imitate,  —  we  should 
have  some  reason  to  believe  that  all  male  singing-birds 
are  music-teachers  as  well  as  performers.  But  after  all, 
would  an  old  Bobolink  ever  have  patience  to  repeat  his 
notes  slowly  to  his  young  for  their  instruction  ? 

Many  birds  are,  however,  imitators  of  sounds,  and  will 
sometimes  learn  the  songs  of  other  birds  when  confined 
in  a  cage  near  them.  The  Bobolink  when  caged  near  a 
Canary  readily  learns  its  song,  but  in  a  wild  state  he 
never  deviates  from  his  own  peculiar  medley.  Nature 
has  provided  each  species  with  notes  unlike  those  of 
any  other  as  one  of  the  means  by  which  they  should 


SINGING-BIRDS. 


29 


identify  their  own  kindred,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  if  one  of  them  had  never  heard  the  note  of  his  own 
parents  he  would  still  sing  like  all  his  predecessors.  In 
a  state  of  confinement  birds  will  occasionally  imitate  the 
notes  of  other  species,  and  in  this  respect  they  differ 
entirely  from  quadrupeds. 

The  song  of  birds  seems  to  be  the  means  used  by  the 
male,  not  only  to  woo  the  female,  but  to  call  her  to  him- 
self when  absent.  Before  he  has  chosen  his  mate  he 
sings  more  loudly  than  at  any  subsequent  period.  The 
different  males  of  the  same  species  seem  at  that  time 
to  be  vying  with  each  other,  and  the  one  that  has  the 
loudest  and  most  varied  song  is  likely  to  be  the  first 
attended  by  a  mate.  When  the  two  birds  are  employed 
in  building  their  nest,  the  male  constantly  attends  his 
partner  and  sings  less  loudly  and  frequently  than  before. 
This  comparative  silence  continues  until  the  female  be- 
gins to  sit.  During  incubation  the  male  again  sings 
with  emphasis  at  his  usual  hours,  perched  upon  some 
neighboring  tree,  as  if  to  assure  her  of  his  presence,  but 
more  probably  to  entice  her  away  from  the  nest.  It  is 
a  curious  fact  that  male  birds  seem  to  be  displeased  to 
a  certain  extent  while  their  mate  is  sitting,  on  account 
of  her  absence,  and  are  more  than  usually  vociferous, 
sometimes  with  the  evident  intention  of  coquetting  with 
other  females. 

After  the  young  brood  is  hatched  the  attention  of 
the  male  bird  is  occupied  with  the  care  of  his  off- 
spring, though  he  is  far  less  assiduous  in  his  parental 
duties  than  the  female.  If  we  watch  a  pair  of  Eobins 
when  they  have  a  nest  full  of  young  birds,  we  shall  see 
the  female  bring  the  greater  part  of  their  food.  The 
male  bird  continues  to  sing  until  the  young  have  left 
their  nest ;  but  if  there  is  to  be  no  other  brood,  he 
becomes  immediately  silent.  If,  early  in  the  season,  a 


30  SINGING-BIRDS. 

couple  whose  habit  is  to  rear  but  one  brood  are  robbed 
of  their  nest,  they  will  make  a  new  one,  and  the  male 
in  this  case  continues  in  song  to  a  later  period  than  those 
who  were  not  disturbed. 

If  the  male  bird  loses  his  mate  during  incubation,  he 
seldom  takes  her  place,  but  becomes  once  more  very 
tuneful,  uttering  his  call-notes  loudly  for  several  days 
and  finally  changing  them  into  song.  It  would  seem, 
therefore,  that  the  song  of  the  bird  proceeds  in  some 
degree  from  discontent,  —  from  his  want  of  a  mate,  in 
the  one  case,  or  from  her  absence  when  she  is  sitting, 
in  the  other.  The  buoyancy  of  spirits  produced  by  the 
season  and  the  full  supply  of  his  physical  wants  are 
joined  with  the  pains  of  absence,  which  he  is  determined 
to  relieve  by  exerting  all  his  power  to  entice  his  partner 
from  her  nest.  I  have  often  thought  that  the  almost 
uninterrupted  song  of  caged  birds  proves  their  singing  to 
arise  from  a  desire  to  entice  a  companion  into  their  own 
little  prison.  Hence,  when  an  old  bird  from  our  fields 
is  caught  and  caged  during  the  breeding-season,  he  will 
continue  his  tunefulness  long  after  all  others  of  the  same 
species  have  become  silent.  The  Bobolink  in  a  state  of 
freedom  will  not  sing  after  the  middle  of  July  ;  but  if 
one  be  caught  and  caged,  he  will  continue  to  warble 
more  loudly  than  he  did  in  his  native  meadows  until 
September. 

It  is  generally  believed  that  singing-birds  are  chiefly 
confined  to  temperate  latitudes.  That  this  is  an  error 
is  apparent  from  the  testimony  of  travellers,  who  speak 
of  the  birds  of  Africa  and  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  as 
singing  delightfully;  and  some  fine  songsters  are  occa- 
sionally imported  from  tropical  countries.  It  should 
be  considered  that  in  these  hot  regions  the  birds  are 
more  scattered  and  are  not  so  well  known  as  those 
of  temperate  latitudes,  which  are  generally  inhabited 


SINGING-BIRDS.  31 

by  civilized  man.  Savages  and  barbarians,  who  are  the 
principal  inhabitants  of  hot  countries,  are  seldom  ob- 
servant of  the  songs  or  habits  of  birds.  A  musician  of 
the  feathered  race,  no  less  than  a  human  singer,  must 
have  an  appreciating  audience  or  his  powers  could  not 
be  made  known  to  the  world.  But  even  with  the  same 
audience,  the  tropical  birds  would  probably  be  less  es- 
teemed than  those  of  equal  merit  in  our  latitudes,  for 
amid  the  stridulous  and  deafening  sounds  from  insects 
in  warm  climates  the  notes  of  birds  are  scarcely  audible. 
Probably,  however,  the  comparative  number  of  singing- 
birds  is  greater  in  the  temperate  zone,  where  there  are 
more  of  those  species  that  build  low,  and  live  in  the 
shrubbery,  which  the  singing-birds  chiefly  frequent.  In 
warm  climates  the  birds  are  obliged  to  live  in  trees,  and 
the  vegetation  of  the  surface  of  the  ground  will  not  sup- 
port the  Finches  and  Buntings,  which  are  the  chief  sing- 
ers of  the  North. 


APKIL. 


DEAR  to  the  poet  and  to  the  lover  of  nature  is  the  month 
of  April,  when  she  first  timidly  plants  her  footsteps  upon 
the  dank  meadow  and  the  mossy  hillside,  clothing  the 
dark  brown  sods  with  tufts  of  greenery,  waking  the  early 
birds,  and  cherishing  the  tender  field-flowers.  Her  hands 
are  ever  busy,  hanging  purple  fringes  upon  the  elm  and 
golden  tassels  upon  the  willow  bough,  and  weaving  for 
the  maple  a  vesture  of  crimson.  She  brings  life  to  the 
frozen  streams,  verdure  to  the  seared  meadows,  and  music 
to  the  woods,  which  have  heard  nothing  for  months  save 
the  solemn  moaning  of  their  own  boughs  and  the  echoes  of 
the  woodman's  axe  from  an  adjoining  fell.  We  welcome 
April  as  the  comforter  of  our  weariness  after  long  con- 
finement, as  the  bearer  of  pleasures  which  her  bounty 
only  can  offer,  as  a  sweet  maiden  entering  the  door  of 
our  prison  with  hands  full  of  budding  flowers  and  breath 
scented  with  violets. 

A  gladness  and  hopefulness  attend  us  on  the  return  of 
spring  which  are  unfelt  at  other  seasons,  and  produce 
a  sensation  like  that  of  the  renewal  of  youth.  We  are 
certainly  more  hopeful  at  this  time  than  in  the  autumn, 
and  we  look  back  upon  the  lapse  of  the  three  winter  months 
with  a  less  painful  sense  of  the  loss  of  so  much  of  our 
allotted  period  of  life  than  upon  the  lapse  of  the  three 
summer  months.  Though  the  flight  of  any  season  carries 
us  equally  onward  in  our  mortal  progress,  we  cannot 
avoid  the  feeling  that  the  lapse  of  winter  is  our  gain 
as  that  of  summer  was  our  loss.  And  surely,  of  these 


APRIL.  33 

two  reflections,  the  one  that  deceives  is  better  than  the 
one  that  utters  the  truth ;  and  though  we  are  several 
months  older  than  we  were  in  the  autumn,  we  may  thank 
Heaven  for  the  delusion  that  makes  us  feel  younger. 

Spring,  the  true  season  of  hopefulness  and  action,  is 
unfavorable  to  thought.  So  many  delightful  objects  are 
constantly  inviting  us  to  pleasure,  that  we  are  tempted  to 
neglect  our  serious  pursuits,  and  we  feel  too  much  exhila- 
ration for  confinement  or  study.  It  is  not  while  sur- 
rounded by  pleasures  of  any  kind  that  we  are  most  capable 
of  reflecting  upon  them  or  describing  their  influence ;  for 
the  act  of  thinking  upon  them  requires  a  suspension  of  our 
enjoyments.  Hence,  in  winter  we  can  most  easily  discourse 
upon  the  charms  of  spring  and  summer,  when  the  task 
becomes  a  pleasant  occupation,  by  reviving  the  scenes  of 
past  delights  blended  with  a  foretaste  of  joys  that  are  to 
come.  But  when  the  rising  flowers,  the  perfumed  breezes, 
and  the  music  of  the  animated  tenants  of  the  streams, 
woods,  and  orchards,  are  all  inviting  us  to  come  forth  and 
partake  of  the  pleasures  they  proffer,  it  is  wearisome  to 
sit  down  apart  from  all  these  delights  to  the  compara- 
tively dull  task  of  describing  them. 

As  childhood  is  not  always  happy,  and  as  youth  is  lia- 
ble to  the  sorrows  and  afflictions  of  later  life,  the  spring 
is  not  always  cheerful,  and  the  vernal  skies  are  sometimes 
blackened  with  wintry  tempests,  and  the  earth  bound  in 
ice  and  frost.  Even  in  April  the  little  flowers  that  are 
just  peeping  out  from  their  winter  coverts  are  often 
greeted  by  snow,  and  spring's  "  ethereal  mildness "  is 
exchanged  for  harsh  winds  and  cloudy  skies.  In  vain  do 
the  crocus,  the  snowdrop,  and  the  yellow  narcissus  appear 
in  the  gardens,  or  the  blue  violet  and  the  saxifrage  span- 
gle the  southern  slopes  of  the  hills,  —  the  north-wind  is 
not  tempered  by  their  beauty  nor  beguiled  by  the  songs 
of  the  early  birds. 


34  APRIL. 

April  —  the  morning  of  the  year,  as  March  was  its  twi- 
light, —  that  uncertain  time  when  the  clouds  seem  like 
exiled  wanderers  over  the  blue  field  of  light,  hurrying  in 
disorganized  cohorts  to  some  place  of  rest  or  dissolution  — 
daily  flatters  us  with  hopes  which  she  seems  reluctant  to 
fulfil.  But  every  invisible  agent  of  nature  is  silently 
weaving  a  drapery  of  verdure  to  spread  around  the  loot- 
steps,  of  the  more  lovely  month  that  is  soon  to  arrive.  We 
see  the  beginnings  of  this  work  of  resurrection  in  thou- 
sands of  small  tufted  rings  of  herbage  scattered  over  the 
fields,  and  daily  multiplying,  until  every  knoll  is  crowned 
with  blue,  white,  and  crimson  flowers  that  will  join  to 
gladden  the  heyday  of  spring. 

When  at  length  the  south-wind  calls  together  his  ver- 
nal messengers,  and  leads  them  forth  in  the  sunshine  to 
their  work  of  gladness,  the  frosty  conqueror  resigns  his 
sceptre,  and  beauty  springs  up  in  the  place  of  desolation. 
The  bee  rebuilds  his  honeyed  masonry,  the  swelling  buds 
redden  in  the  maples,  and  every  spray  of  the  forest  and 
orchard  is  brightened  with  a  peculiar  gloss  that  gives 
character  to  the  vernal  tinting  of  the  woods.  The  ices 
that  have  bound  the  earth  for  half  the  year  are  dissolved ; 
the  mountain  snows  are  spread  out  in  fertilizing  lakes 
upon  the  plains,  and  the  redwing  pipes  his  garrulous 
notes  over  the  abiding-place  of  the  trillium  and  the  meadow 
cowslip.  The  lowlands,  so  magnificent  in  autumn,  when 
glowing  with  a  profusion  of  asters  and  golden-rods,  are 
now  whitened  with  this  sheet  of  glistening  waters,  put 
into  constant  agitation  by  multitudes  of  frogs  tumbling 
about  in  the  shallows  while  engaged  in  their  croaking 
frolics. 

April  is  the  month  of  brilliant  skies  constantly  shad- 
owed by  dark,  rapidly  moving  clouds,  of  brown  meadows 
and  plashy  foot-paths.  The  barren  hills  are  velveted  with 
moss  of  a  perfect  greenness,  delicately  shaded  with  a 


APRIL. 

profusion  of  glossy  purple  stems,  like  so  many  hairs,  termi- 
nated with  the  peculiar  flower  of  the  plant ;  and  long  stripes 
of  verdure  mark  the  progress  of  the  new-born  rivulets,  as 
they  pursue  their  irregular  course  down  the  hillside  into 
the  valleys.  But  the  damp  grounds,  frequently  almost  im- 
passable from  standing  water,  are  interspersed  with  little 
dry  knolls  covered  with  mosses  and  lycopodiums,  where 
the  early  flowers  of  spring  delight  to  nestle,  embosomed 
in  their  soft  verdure.  Upon  these  evergreen  mounds  the 
fringed  polygala  spreads  a  beautiful  hue  of  crimson ; 
and  while  gathering  its  flowers,  we  discover,  here  and 
there,  a  delicate  wood-anemone,  with  its  mild  eyes  not 
yet  open  to  the  light  of  day.  But  so  few  flowers  are 
abroad  that  the  bee  when  it  comes  forth  in  quest  of 
honey  must  feel  like  one  who  is  lost  and  wandering  in 
space.  It  can  revel  only  in  gardens  where  the  sweet- 
scented  flowers  of  another  clime  spread  abroad  a  perfume 
that  is  but  a  false  signal  of  the  weather  of  its  adopted 
climate. 

The  odors  that  perfume  the  air  in  the  latter  part  of  this 
month  are  chiefly  exhaled  from  the  unfolding  buds  of  -the 
flowering  trees  and  shrubs,  and  from  pine  woods.  The 
balm  of  Gilead  and  other  poplars,  while  the  scales  are 
dropping  from  their  hibernacles,  to  loose  the  young  leaves 
and  flowers  from  their  confinement,  afford  the  most  grateful 
of  odors,  and  are  a  part  of  the  peculiar  incense  of  spring. 
But  there  are  exhalations  from  the  soil  in  April,  when 
the  ploughman  is  turning  his  furrows,  that  afford  an 
agreeable  sensation  of  freshness,  almost  like  fragrance, 
resembling  the  scent  of  the  cool  breezes,  which,  wafted 
over  beds  of  dulses  and  sea-weeds,  when  the  tide  is  low, 
often  rise  up  suddenly  in  the  heat  of  summer. 

As  April  advances,  the  familiar  bluebirds  are  busy 
among  the  hollows  of  old  trees,  where  they  rear  their 
young  secure  from  depredation. 


GOLDFINCH 


BIEDS   OF  THE    GAEDEN  AND   OECHAED. 

II. 

THE   VIREO. 

IN  the  elms  on  Boston  Common,  and  in  all  the  lofty 
trees  of  the  suburbs,  as  well  as  in  the  country  villages, 
are  two  little  birds  whose  songs  are  heard  daily  and 
hourly,  from  the  middle  of  May  until  the  last  of  sum- 
mer. They  are  usually  concealed  among  the  highest 
branches  of  the  trees,  so  that  it  is  not  easy  to  obtain 
sight  of  them.  These  birds  are  two  of  our  Warbling 
Flycatchers,  or  Vireos ;  one  of  which  I  shall  designate 
as  the  Brigadier,  the  other  as  the  Preacher.  I  give  below 
the  song  of  the  Brigadier :  — 


Brig  -  a     -     dier,  Brig  -  a      -      dier,  Brigate. 


The  notes  of  this  little  invisible  musician  are  few, 
simple,  and  melodious,  and,  being  often  repeated,  they 
are  very  generally  known  even  to  those  who  are  un- 
acquainted with  the  bird.  At  early  dawn,  at  noon,  and 
at  sunset  its  song  is  constantly  repeated  with  no  very 
long  intervals,  resembling,  though  delivered  with  more 
precision,  the  song  of  the  Linnet  or  Purple  Finch.  In 
my  boyhood,  when  I  had  no  access  to  a  book  descrip- 
tive of  our  birds,  and  very  seldom  killed  one  for  any  pur- 
pose, I  had  learned  nearly  all  the  songs  that  were  heard 
in  the  garden  or  wood,  without  knowing  the  physical 


BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN   AND    ORCHARD.  39 

characters  of  more  than  one  out  of  three  of  the  songsters  ; 
and  as  I  have  since  studied  the  markings  of  birds  only 
by  viewing  them  from  the  ground  as  they  were  perched 
upon  bush  or  tree,  and  have  never  killed  or  dissected 
one  for  this  purpose,  I  cannot  describe  all  the  specific 
or  generic  characters  of  our  birds.  I  am  well  acquainted 
with  two  of  our  Vireos ;  but  I  cannot  distinguish  them 
from  each  other  except  by  their  notes,  which  are  as 
familiar  to  me  as  the  voice  of  the  Eobin.  I  have,  there- 
fore, determined  to  name  them  according  to  the  style  of 
their  songs,  leaving  it  to  others  to  identify  the  species  to 
which  they  respectively  belong. 


THE  BRIGADIER. 

The  Brigadier,  which  is  the  one,  I  think,  described  by 
Nuttall  as  the  Warbling  Vireo,  is  a  little  olive-colored 
bird,  that  occupies  the  lofty  tree-tops  while  singing  and 
hunting  his  food,  and  is  almost  invisible  as  he  is  flitting 
among  the  branches,  and  never  still.  The  Preacher  (Ited- 
eyed  Vireo)  arrives  about  a  week  or  ten  days  earlier  than 
the  Brigadier,  and  is  later  in  his  departure.  The  two  are 
very  similar,  both  in  their  looks  and  their  habits,  frequent- 
ing the  trees  in  the  town  and  its  suburbs  in  preference  to 
the  woods,  singing  at  all  hours  of  the  day,  particularly  at 
noon,  and  taking  their  insect  prey  from  the  leaves  and 
branches  of  the  trees,  or  seizing  it  as  it  flits  by  their 
perch,  and  amusing  themselves  while  thus  employed  with 
their  oft-repeated  notes.  Each  species  builds  a  pensile 
nest,  or  places  it  in  a  fork  of  the  slender  branches  of  a 
tree.  I  have  seen  a  nest  of  the  Brigadier  about  ten  feet 
from  the  ground  on  a  branch  of  a  pear-tree,  so  near  rny 
chamber-window  that  I  might  have  reached  it  without 
difficulty.  The  usual  habit  of  either  species  is  to  sus- 
pend its  nest  at  a  very  considerable  height  from  the 
ground. 


40       BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD. 


THE  PREACHER. 

The  Preacher  is  more  generally  known  by  his  note, 
because  he  is  incessant  in  his  song,  and  particularly 
vocal  during  the  heat  of  our  long  summer  days,  when 
only  a  few  birds  are  singing.  His  style  of  preaching  is 
not  declamation.  Though  constantly  talking,  he  takes 
the  part  of  a  deliberative  orator,  who  explains  his  subject 
in  a  few  words  and  then  makes  a  pause  for  his  hearers 
to  reflect  upon  it.  We  might  suppose  him  to  be  repeat- 
ing moderately,  with  a  pause  between  each  sentence, 
"  You  see  it,  —  you  know  it,  —  do  you  hear  me  ?  —  do 
you  believe  it?"  All  these  strains  are  delivered  with  a 
rising  inflection  at  the  close,  and  with  a  pause,  as  if  wait- 
ing for  an  answer. 

The  tones  of  the  Preacher  are  loud  and  sharp,  hardly 
melodious,  modulated  somewhat  like  those  of  the  Robin, 
though  not  so  continuous.  He  is  never  fervent,  rapid, 
or  fluent,  but,  like  a  true  zealot,  he  is  apt  to  be  tiresome, 
from  the  long  continuance  of  his  discourse.  He  pauses 
frequently  in  the  middle  of  a  strain  to  seize  a  moth  or  a 
beetle,  beginning  anew  as  soon  as  he  has  swallowed  his 
morsel.  Samuels  expresses  great  admiration  for  this  little 
bird.  "  Everywhere  in  these  States/'  ha  remarks,  "  at  all 
hours  of  the  day,  from  early  dawn  until  evening  twilight, 
his  sweet,  half-plaintive,  half-meditative  carol  is  heard," 
and  he  adds,  that  of  all  his  feathered  acquaintances  this 
is  his  favorite.  The  prolongation  of  his  singing  season 
until  sometimes  the  last  week  in  August  renders  him  a 
valuable  songster.  When  nearly  all  other  birds  have  be- 
come silent,  the  little  Preacher  still  continues  his  earnest 
harangue,  and  is  sure  of  an  audience  at  this  late  period, 
when  he  has  but  few  rivals. 


BIRDS    OF   THE    GARDEN   AND    ORCHARD  41 


THE    BOBOLINK. 

There  is  not  a  singing-bird  in  New  England  that  en- 
joys the  notoriety  of  the  Bobolink.  He  is  like  a  rare 
wit  in  our  social  or  political  circles.  Everybody  is  talk- 
ing about  him  and  quoting  his  remarks,  and  all  are 
delighted  with  his  company.  He  is  not  without  great 
merits  as  a  songster ;  but  he  is  well  known  and  admired 
because  he  is  showy,  noisy,  and  flippant,  arid  sings  only 
in  the  open  field,  and  frequently  while  poised  on  the 
wing,  so  that  any  one  who  hears  can  see  him  and 
know  who  is  the  author  of  the  strains  that  afford  so 
much  delight.  He  sings  also  at  broad  noonday,  when 
everybody  is  out,  and  is  seldom  heard  before  sunrise, 
while  other  birds  are  joining  in  the  universal  chorus. 
He  waits  till  the  sun  is  up,  wrhen  many  of  the  early  per- 
formers have  become  silent,  as  if  determined  to  secure 
a  good  audience  before  his  own  exhibition. 

In  the  grand  concert  of  Nature  it  is  the  Bobolink  who 
performs  the  recitative,  which  he  delivers  with  the  ut- 
most fluency  and  rapidity,  and  we  must  listen  carefully 
not  to  lose  many  of  his  words.  He  is  plainly  the  merriest 
of  all  the  feathered  creation,  almost  continually  in  motion, 
and  singing  on  the  wing  apparently  in  the  greatest  ecstasy 
of  joy.  There  is  not  a  plaintive  strain  in  his  whole  per- 
formance. Every  sound  is  as  merry  as  the  laugh  of  a 
young  child,  and  we  cannot  listen  to  him  without  fancy- 
ing him  engaged  in  some  jocose  raillery  of  his  compan- 
ions. If  we  suppose  him  to  be  making  love,  we  cannot 
look  upon  him  as  very  deeply  enamored,  but  rather  as 
highly  delighted  with  his  spouse  and  overflowing  witli 
rapturous  admiration.  His  mate  is  a  neatly  formed  bird, 
with  a  mild  expression  of  face,  of  a  modest  deportment, 
and  arrayed  in  the  plainest  apparel.  She  seems  perfectly 
satisfied  with  observing  the  pomp  and  display  of  her 


42  BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN   AND    ORCHARD. 

partner,  and  listening  to  his  delightful  eloquence  of 
song.  If  we  regard  him  as  an  orator,  it  must  be  allowed 
that  he  is  unsurpassed  in  fluency  and  rapidity  of  utter- 
ance ;  if  only  as  a  musician,  that  he  is  unrivalled  in 
brilliancy  of  execution. 

I  cannot  look  upon  him  as  ever  in  a  very  serious 
humor.  He  seems  to  be  a  lively,  jocular  little  fellow, 
who  is  always  jesting  and  bantering ;  and  when  half  a 
dozen  different  individuals  are  sporting  about  in  the  same 
orchard,  I  can  imagine  they  might  represent  the  persons 
dramatized  in  some  comic  opera.  The  birds  never  re- 
main stationary  upon  a  bough,  singing  apparently  for 
their  own  solitary  amusement ;  they  are  ever  in  com- 
pany, passing  to  and  fro,  often  beginning  their  song  upon 
the  extreme  end  of  an  apple-tree  bough,  then  suddenly 
taking  flight  and  singing  the  principal  part  while  bal- 
ancing themselves  on  the  wing.  The  merriest  part  of 
the  day  with  these  birds  is  the  later  afternoon,  during 
the  hour  preceding  dewfall,  before  the  Robin  and  the 
Veery  begin  their  evening  hymn.  At  that  hour,  assem- 
bled in  company,  they  might  seem  to  be  practising  a 
cotillon  on  the  wing,  each  one  singing  to  his  own  move- 
ment as  he  sallies  forth  and  returns,  and  nothing  can 
exceed  their  apparent  merriment. 

The  Bobolink  begins  his  morning  song  just  at  sunrise, 
at  the  time  when  the  Robin,  having  sung  from  earliest 
daybreak,  is  near  the  close  of  his  performance.  Nature 
seems  to  have  provided  that  the  serious  parts  of  her 
musical  entertainment  in  the  morning  shall  first  be  heard, 
and  that  the  lively  and  comic  strains  shall  follow  them. 
In  the  evening  this  order  is  reversed,  and  after  the  com- 
edy is  concluded  Nature  lulls  us  to  repose  by  the  mellow 
notes  of  the  Vesper-Bird,  and  the  pensive  and  still  more 
melodious  strains  of  the  solitary  Thrushes. 

In  pleasant  shining  weather  the  Bobolink  seldom  flies 


BIRDS    OF   THE    GARDEN    AND    ORCHARD.  43 

without  singing,  often  hovering  on  the  wing  over  the 
place  where  his  mate  is  sitting  upon  her  ground-built 
nest,  and  pouring  forth  his  notes  with  the  greatest  loud- 
ness  and  fluency.  Vain  are  all  the  attempts  of  other 
birds  to  imitate  his  truly  original  style.  The  Mocking- 
Bird  is  said  to  give  up  the  attempt  in  despair,  and  re- 
fuses to  sing  at  all  when  confined  near  one  in  a  cage. 
The  Bobolink  is  not  a  shy  bird  during  the  breeding 
season  ;  but  when  the  young  are  reared  and  gathered  in 
flocks  the  whole  species  become  very  timid.  Their  food 
consists  entirely  of  insects  during  at  least  all  the  early 
part  of  summer.  Hence  they  are  not  frequenters  of 
the  woods,  but  of  the  fields  that  supply  their  insect 
food.  They  evidently  have  no  liking  for  solitude.  They 
join  with  their  own  kindred,  sometimes,  during  the 
breeding  season,  in  small  companies,  and  in  the  latter 
summer  in  large  flocks.  They  love  the  orchard  and  the 
mowing-field,  and  many  are  the  nests  which  are  exposed 
by  the  scythe  of  the  haymaker  when  performing  his  task 
early  in  the  season. 

THE   O'LINCON   FAMILY. 

A  flock  of  merry  singing-birds  were  sporting  in  the  grove  ; 
Some  were  warbling  cheerily  and  some  were  making  love. 
There  were  Bobolincon,  Wadolincon,  Winterseeble,  Conquedle,  — 
A  livelier  set  were  never  led  by  tabor,  pipe,  or  fiddle  :. — 
Crying,  "Phew,  shew,  Wadolincon  ;  see,  see  Bobolincon 
Down  among  the  ticklertops,  hiding  in  the  buttercups  ; 
I  know  the  saucy  chap  ;  I  see  his  shining  cap 
Bobbing  in  the  clover  there,  —  see,  see,  see  !  " 

Up  flies  Bobolincon,  perching  on  an  apple-tree; 

Startled  by  his  rival's  song,  quickened  by  his  raillery. 

Soon  he  spies  the  rogue  afloat,  curvetting  in  the  air, 

And  merrily  he  turns  about  and  warns  him  to  beware  ! 

"  'T  is  you  that  would  a  wooing  go,  down  among  the  rushes  0  ! 

Wait  a  week,  till  flowers  are  cheery  ;  wait  a  week,  and  ere  you  marry, 

Be  sure  of  a  house  wherein  to  tarry  ; 

Wadolink,  Whiskodink,  Tom  Denny,  wait,  wait,  wait  ! " 


BOBOLINK 


BIRDS   OF    THE    GARDEN    AND    ORCHARD.  45 

Every  one  's  a  funny  fellow  ;  every  one  's  a  little  mellow  ; 
Follow,  follow,  follow,  follow,  o'er  the  hill  and  in  the  hollow. 
Merrily,  merrily  there  they  hie  ;  now  they  rise  and  now  they  fly  ; 
They  cross  and  turn,  and  in  and  out,  and  down  the  middle  and  wheel 

about, 

With  a  "Phew,  shew,  Wadolincon  ;  listen  to  me,  Bobolincon  ! 
Happy  's  the  wooing  that 's  speedily  doing,  that 's  speedily  doing, 
That 's  merry  and  over  with  the  bloom  of  the  clover  ; 
Bobolincon,  Wadolincon,  Wintersceble,  follow,  follow  me!" 


0  what  a  happy  life  they  lead,  over  the  hill  and  in  the  mead  ! 
How  they  sing,  and  how  they  play  !     See,  they  fly  away,  away  ! 
Now  they  gambol  o'er  the  clearing,  — off  again,  and  then  appearing  ; 
Poised  aloft  on  quivering  wing,  now  they  soar,  and  now  they  sing, 
"  We  must  all  be  merry  and  moving  ;  we  must  all  be  happy  and  loving  ; 
For  when  the  midsummer  is  come,  and  the  grain  has  ripened  its  ear, 
The  haymakers  scatter  our  young,  and  we  mourn  for  the  rest  of  the  year  ; 
Then,  Bobolincon,  Wadolincon,  Winterseeble,  haste,  haste  away  ! " 

THE   BLUEBIRD. 

Not  one  of  our  songsters  is  so  intimately  associated 
with  the  early  spring  as  the  Bluebird.  Upon  his  arrival 
from  his  winter  residence,  he  never  fails  to  make  known 
his  presence  by  a  few  melodious  notes  uttered  from  some 
roof  or  fence  in  the  field  or  garden.  On  the  earliest 
morning  in  April,  when  we  first  open  our  windows  to 
welcome  the  soft  vernal  gales,  they  bear  on  their  wings 
the  sweet  strains  of  the  Bluebird.  These  few  notes  are 
associated  with  all  the  happy  scenes  and  incidents  that 
attend  the  opening  of  the  year. 

The  Bluebird  is  said  to  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to 
the  English  Robin-Iiedbreast,  similar  in  form  and  size, 
having  a  red  breast  and  short  tail-feathers,  with  only  this 
manifest  difference,  that  one  is  olive-colored  above  where 
the  other  is  blue.  But  the  Bluebird  does  not  equal  the 
Redbreast  as  a  songster.  His  notes  are  few  and  not  greatly 
varied,  though  sweetly  and  plaintively  modulated  and 
never  loud.  On  account  of  their  want  of  variety,  they  do 


BLUEBIRD 


BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN    AND    ORCHARD.  47 

not  enchain  the  listener ;  but  they  constitute  an  important 
part  of  the  melodies  of  morn. 

The  value  of  the  inferior  singers  in  making  up  a 
general  chorus  is  not  sufficiently  appreciated.  In  a  musi- 
cal composition,  as  in  an  anthem  or  oratorio,  though  there 
is  a  leading  part,  which  is  usually  the  air,  that  gives  char- 
acter to  the  whole,  yet  this  leading  part  would  often  be  a 
very  indifferent  piece  of  melody  if  performed  without  its 
accompaniments  ;  and  these  alone  would  seem  still  more 
trifling  and  unimportant.  Yet,  if  the  composition  be  the 
work  of  a  master,  these  brief  strains  and  snatches,  though 
apparently  insignificant,  are  intimately  connected  with 
the  harmony  of  the  piece,  and  could  not  be  omitted  with- 
out a  serious  disparagement  of  the  grand  effect.  The 
inferior  singing-birds,  bearing  a  similar  relation  to  the 
whole  choir,  are  indispensable  as  aids  in  giving  additional 
effect  to  the  notes  of  the  chief  singers. 

Though  the  Eobin  is  the  principal  musician  in  the  gen- 
eral anthem  of  morn,  his  notes  would  become  tiresome 
if  heard  without  accompaniments.  Nature  has  so  ar- 
ranged the  harmony  of  this  chorus,  that  one  part  shall 
assist  another;  and  so  exquisitely  has  she  combined  all 
the  different  voices,  that  the  silence  of  any  one  cannot 
fail  to  be  immediately  perceived.  The  low,  mellow  war- 
ble of  the  Bluebird  seems  an  echo  to  the  louder  voice 
of  the  Eobiri ;  and  the  incessant  trilling  or  running  ac- 
companiment of  the  Hair-Bird,  the  twittering  of  the 
Swallow,  and  the  loud,  melodious  piping  of  the  Oriole, 
frequent  and  short,  are  sounded  like  the  different  parts 
in  a  band  of  instruments,  and  each  performer  seems 
to  time  his  part  as  if  by  some  rule  of  harmony.  Any 
discordant  sound  that  may  occur  in  this  performance 
never  fails  to  disturb  the  equanimity  of  the  singers,  and 
some  minutes  will  elapse  before  they  resume  their  song. 
It  would  be  difficult  to  draw  a  correct  comparison  be- 


48  BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN   AND    ORCHARD. 

tween  the  birds  and  the  various  instruments  they  repre- 
sent. But  if  the  Robin  were  described  as  the  clarionet, 
the  Bluebird  might  be  considered  the  flageolet,  frequently 
but  not  incessantly  interspersing  a  few  mellow  strains. 
The  Hair-Bird  would  be  the  octave  flute,  constantly 
trilling  on  a  high  key,  and  the  Golden  Robin  the  bugle, 
often  repeating  his  loud  and  brief  strain.  The  analogy, 
if  carried  further,  might  lose  force  and  correctness. 

All  the  notes  of  the  Bluebird  —  his  call-notes,  his 
notes  of  complaint,  his  chirp,  and  his  song  —  are  equally 
plaintive  and  closely  resemble  one  another.  I  am  not 
aware  that  this  bird  utters  a  harsh  note.  His  voice, 
which  is  one  of  the  earliest  to  be  heard  in  the  spring,  is 
associated  with  the  early  flowers  and  with  all  pleasant 
vernal  influences.  When  he  first  arrives  he  perches  upon 
the  roof  of  a  barn  or  upon  some  leafless  tree,  and  delivers 
his  few  and  frequent  notes  with  evident  fervor,  as  if  con- 
scious of  the  pleasures  that  await  him.  These  mellow 
notes  are  all  the  sounds  he  makes  for  several  weeks,  sel- 
dom chirping  or  scolding  like  other  birds.  His  song  is 
discontinued  at  midsummer,  but  his  plaintive  call,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  note  pensively  modulated,  continues 
every  day  until  he  leaves  our  fields.  This  sound  is  one 
of  the  melodies  of  summer's  decline,  and  reminds  us,  like 
the  note  of  the  green  nocturnal  tree-hopper,  of  the  ripened 
harvest,  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  and  of  all  the  joyous  festivals 
and  melancholy  reminiscences  of  autumn. 

The  Bluebird  builds  his  nest  in  hollow  trees  and  posts, 
and  may  be  encouraged  to  breed  around  our  dwellings,  by 
supplying  boxes  for  his  accommodation.  In  whatever 
vicinity  we  reside,  whether  in  a  recent  clearing  or  the 
heart  of  a  village,  if  we  set  up  a  bird-house  in  May,  it 
will  certainly  be  occupied  by  a  Bluebird,  unless  pre- 
^iously  taken  by  a  Wren  or  a  Martin.  But  there  is  com- 
monly so  great  a  demand  for  such  accommodations,  that 


BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN    AND    ORCHARD.  49 

it  is  not  unusual  to  see  two  or  three  different  species 
contending  for  one  box. 

THE   HOUSE-WREN. 

The  bird  whose  notes  serve  more  than  any  other  spe- 
cies to  enliven  our  summer  noondays  is  the  common 
House- Wren.  It  is  said  to  breed  chiefly  in  the  Middle 
States,  but  is  very  common  in  our  New  England  vil- 
lages, and  as  it  extends  its  summer  migration  to  Labrador, 
it  probably  breeds  in  all  places  north  of  the  Middle  States. 
It  is  a  migratory  bird,  leaving  us  early  in  autumn,  and 
not  reappearing  until  May.  It  builds  in  a  hollow  tree 
like  the  Bluebird.  A  box  of  any  kind,  properly  made, 
will  answer  its  purposes.  But  nothing  is  better  than 
a  grape-jar,  prepared  by  drilling  a  hole  in  its  side,  just 
large  enough  for  the  Wren,  and  setting  it  up  on  a 
perpendicular  branch  sawed  off  and  inse'rted  into  the 
mouth  of  the  jar.  The  bird  fills  it  with  sticks  before  it 
makes  a  nest,  and  the  mouth  of  the  jar  serves  for  drain- 
age. 

The  Wren  is  one  of  the  most  restless  of  the  feathered 
tribe.  He  is  continually  in  motion,  and  even  when  sing- 
ing is  constantly  flitting  about  and  changing  his  position. 
We  see  him  in  a  dozen  places  as  it  were  at  the  same 
moment ;  now  warbling  in  ecstasy  from  the  roof  of 
a  shed,  then,  with  his  wings  spread  and  his  feathers 
ruffled,  scolding  furiously  at  a  Bluebird  or  a  Swallow 
that  has  alighted  on  his  box,  or  driving  a  Robin  from  a 
neighboring  cherry-tree.  Instantly  we  observe  him  run- 
ning along  a  stone-wall  and  diving  down  and  in  and  out, 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  through  its  openings,  with 
all  the  nimbleness  of  a  squirrel.  He  is  on  the  ridge  of 
the  barn  roof,  he  is  peeping  into  the  dove-cote,  he  is  in 
the  garden  under  the  currant-bushes,  or  chasing  a  spider 
under  a  cabbage-leaf.  Again  he  is  on  the  roof  of  a  shed, 


50  BIRDS   OF   THE   GARDEN   AMD   ORCHARD. 

warbling  vociferously ;  and  these  manoeuvres  and  peregri- 
nations have  occupied  hardly  a  minute,  so  rapid  and  in- 
cessant are  all  his  motions. 

The  notes  of  the  Wren  are  very  lively  and  garrulous, 
and  if  not  uttered  more  frequently  during  the  heat  of  the 
day,  are,  on  account  of  the  general  silence  of  birds,  more 
noticeable  at  that  hour.  There  is  a  concert  at  noon- 
day, as  well  as  in  the  morning  and  evening,  among  the 
birds ;  and  of  the  former  the  Wren  is  one  of  the  principal 
musicians.  After  the  hot  rays  of  the  sun  have  silenced 
the  early  performers,  the  Song- Sparrow  and  the  Iled- 
Thrush  continue  to  sing  at  intervals  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  day.  The  Wren  is  likewise  heard  at  all  hours  ; 
but  when  the  languishing  heat  of  noon  has  arrived,  the 
few  birds  that  continue  to  sing  are  more  than  usually 
vocal,  and  'seem  to  form  a  select  company.  The  birds 
which  are  thus  associated  with  the  Wren  are  the  Bobo- 
link, the  Preacher,  the  Linnet,  and  the  Catbird,  if  he  be 
anywhere  near.  If  we  were  at  this  hour  in  the  woods 
we  should  hear  the  loud,  shrill  voice  of  the  Oven-Bird 
and  some  of  the  warbling  sylvians. 

Of  all  these  noonday  singers,  the  Wren  is  the  most  re- 
markable. His  song  is  singularly  varied  and  animated. 
He  has  great  compass  and  execution,  but  wants  variety 
in  his  tones.  He  begins  very  sharp  and  shrill,  like  a 
grasshopper,  slides  down  to  a  series  of  guttural  notes, 
then  ascends  like  the  rolling  of  a  drum  in  rapidity  of 
utterance  to  another  series  of  high  notes.  Almost  without 
a  pause  he  recommences  his  querulous  insect-chirp,  and 
proceeds  through  the  same  trilling  and  demi-semi-quaver- 
ing  as  before.  He  is  not  particular  about  the  part  of  his 
song  which  he  makes  his  closing  note.  He  will  leave  off 
in  the  middle  of  a  strain,  when  he  seems  in  the  height 
of  ecstasy,  to  pick  up  a  spider  or  a  fly.  As  the  Wren 
produces  two  broods  in  a  season,  his  notes  are  prolonged 


WINTER  WRENS 


52       BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD. 

to  a  late  period  in  the  summer,  and  may  be  heard  some- 
times in  the  third  week  in  August. 

THE   WINTER-WREN. 

We  do  not  often  meet  with  this  bird  near  Boston  in 
summer.  He  is  then  a  resident  of  the  northern  parts  of 
Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  arid  of  the  Green  Mountain 
range.  In  the  autumn  he  migrates  from  the  north  and 
may  be  occasionally  seen  in  company  with  our  other  win- 
ter birds.  In  our  own  latitude,  if  the  cold  season  drives 
him  farther  south,  we  meet  him  again  early  in  the  spring, 
making  his  journey  to  his  northern  home.  While  he 
remains  with  us  we  -see  him  near  the  shelving  banks  of 
rivers,  creeping  about  old  stumps  of  trees,  which,  half  de- 
cayed, furnish  a  frugal  share  of  his  dormant  insect-food. 
He  is  so  little  afraid  of  man  that  he  will  often  leave  bis 
native  resorts,  and  may  be  seen,  like  our  common  House- 
Wren,  examining  the  wood-pile,  creeping  into  the  holes 
of  old  stone-walls  and  about  the  foundations  of  out-houses. 
Not  having  seen  this  bird  except  in  winter,  I  am  unac- 
quainted with  his  song.  Samuels  describes  it  as  very 
melodious  and  delightful. 

THE   MARSH   WREN. 

I  was  once  crossing  by  turnpike  an  extensive  meadow 
which  was  overgrown  with  reeds  and  rushes,  when  my 
curiosity  was  excited  by  hearing,  in  a  thicket  on  the 
banks  of  a  streamlet,  a  sound  that  would  hardly  admit  of 
being  described.  I  could  not  tell  whether  it  came  from 
an  asthmatic  bird  or  an  aggravated  frog.  The  sound  was 
unlike  anything  I  had  ever  heard.  I  should  have  sup- 
posed, however,  if  there  were  Mocking-Birds  in  our  woods, 
that  one  of  them  had  concealed  himself  in  the  thicket  and 
was  attempting  to  imitate  the  braying  of  an  ass.  I  sat 
down  upon  the  railing  of  a  rustic  bridge  that  crossed  the 


MAKS-H  WKENS 


54       BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEX  AND  ORCHARD. 

stream,  and  watched  for  a  sight  of  the  imp  that  must 
be  concealed  there.  In  less  than  a  minute  there  emerged 
from  it  a  Marsh- Wren,  whisking  and  flitting  about  with 
gestures,  as  peculiar  though  not  as  awkward  as  his  bur- 
lesque song. 

If  I  believed,  as  some  writers  affirm,  that  birds  learn 
their  song  from  their  parents,  who  carry  them  along 
from  one  step  to  another  as  if  they  had  a  musical  gamut 
before  them,  I  might  have  conjectured  that  this  bird 
had  been  taught  by  a  frog,  and  that,  despising  his  teacher, 
he  strove  not  to  learn  his  reptile  notes  but  to  burlesque 
them.  As  I  was  walking  homeward,  I  could  not  but 
reflect  that  Nature,  who  is  sometimes  personified  as  an  old 
dame,  must  have  indulged  her  mirthfulness  when  she 
created  a  bird  with  the  voice  of  a  reptile. 

Dr.  Brewer  describes  the  nest  of  the  Marsh- Wren  as 
nearly  spherical,  composed  externally  of  coarse  sedges 
firmly  interwoven,  cemented  with  mud  and  clay,  and  im- 
pervious to  the  weather.  An  orifice  is  left  on  one  side 
for  entrance,  having  on  the  upper  side  a  projecting  edge 
fco  protect  it  from  rain.  The  inside  is  lined  with  soft 
#rass,  feathers,  and  the  cottony  product  of  various  plants. 
It  is  commonly  placed  on  a  low  bush  a  few  feet  from  the 
ground. 

This  species,  like  all  the  Wrens,  has  great  activity  and 
industry,  consumes  immense  quantities  of  small  insects, 
is  very  petulant  in  its  manners,  and  manifests  a  superior 
degree  of  intelligence  and  courage. 


THE  PLUMAGE   OF  BIKDS. 

THE  colors  and  forms  of  the  plumage  of  birds  are  gen- 
erally regarded  as  mere  accidents,  unattended  with  any 
advantages  in  their  economy.  I  cannot  believe,  however, 
that  they  are  not  in  some  way,  which  we  cannot  fully 
understand,  indispensable  to  their  existence  as  a  species. 
Let  me  then  endeavor  to  discover,  if  possible,  the  design 
of  Nature  in  spreading  such  a  variety  of  tints  upon  the 
plumage  of  birds,  and  to  learn  the  advantages  they  derive 
from  these  native  ornaments.  Do  they  affect  the  vision 
of  birds  with  the  sensation  of  beauty,  and  serve  to  attract 
together  individuals  of  the  same  species  ?  Or  are  they 
designed  also  to  protect  them  from  the  keen  sight  of  their 
enemies,  while  flitting  among  the  blossoms  of  the  trees  ? 
It  is  probable  that  each  of  these  purposes  is  subserved  by 
this  provision  of  Nature.  She  has  clothed  individuals 
of  the  same  species  and  the  same  sex  with  uniformity, 
that  they  may  readily  identify  their  own  kindred,  and  has 
given  them  an  innate  susceptibility  to  derive  pleasure  from 
those  colors  that  predominate  in  the  plumage  of  their  own 
species.  She  has  likewise  distinguished  the  small  birds 
that  live  on  trees  by  beautiful  colors,  while  those  in  gen- 
eral that  run  upon  the  ground  are  marked  by  neutral 
tints,  that  the  former  may  be  less  easily  observed  among 
the  blossoms  of  the  trees,  and  that  the  latter  may  be  less 
conspicuous  while  sitting  or  running  upon  the  ground. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  males  of  many  species  are 
more  beautifully  and  brilliantly  decorated  than  the  fe- 
males, and  that  the  singing-birds  in  general  have  less 


6  PLUMAGE   OF   BIRDS. 

beauty  of  color  than  the  unmusical  species.  As  an  ex- 
planation of  this  fact  we  must  consider  that  the  singing- 
birds  are  more  humble  in  their  habitats  than  others. 
The  brightly  colored  birds  chiefly  frequent  the  forests  and 
lofty  trees.  Such  are  the  woodpecker,  the  troupial,  and 
many  species  of  tropical  birds.  The  northern  temper- 
ate latitudes  are  the  region  of  the  grasses,  which  afford 
sustenance  to  a  large  proportion  of  the  singing-birds  —  the 
finches  and  buntings  —  of  that  part  of  the  world.  Some 
of  the  finches  are  high-colored,  but  these  usually  build  in 
trees,  like  the  purple  finch  and  the  goldfinch.  But  the 
sparrows  and  the  larks,  that  build  in  a  bush  or  on  the 
ground,  are  plainly  dressed.  The  thrushes,  which  are 
equally  plain  in  their  dress,  build  in  low  bushes,  and  take 
their  food  chiefly  from  the  ground.  Indeed,  it  might 
be  practicable  to  distinguish  among  a  variety  of  strange 
birds  the  species  that  live  and  nestle  in  trees  by  their 
brighter  plumage. 

In  our  own  latitude  the  species  that  frequent  the 
shrubbery  are  of  a  brown  or  olive-brown  of  different 
shades.  They  are  dressed  in  colors  that  blend  with  the 
general  tints  of  the  ground  and  herbage  while  they  are 
seeking  their  food  or  sitting  upon  their  nests.  Birds, 
however,  do  not  differ  much  in  the  colors  of  the  hidden 
parts  of  their  plumage.  Beneath  they  are  almost  uiii- 
'versally  of  grayish  or  whitish  tints,  so  that,  while  sitting 
on  a  branch,  the  reptiles  lurking  for  them  may  not,  when 
looking  upward,  distinguish  them  from  the  hues  of  the 
clouds  and  the  sky  and  the  grayish  undersurface  of  the 
leaves  of  trees.  Water-birds  are  generally  gray  all  over, 
except  a  tinge  of  blue  in  their  plumage  above.  Ducks, 
however,  are  many  of  them  variegated  with  green  and 
other  colors  that  harmonize  with  the  weeds  and  plants 
of  the  shore  upon  which  they  feed. 

Nature  works  on    the  same  plan  in  guarding  insects 


PLUMAGE   OF   BIRDS.  57 

and  reptiles  from  the  sight  of  their  foes.  Thus,  the  toad 
is  colored  like  the  soil  of  the  garden,  while  the  colors  of 
the  common  frog  that  lives  among  the  green  rushes  and 
aquatic  mosses 'are  green,  and  the  tree-frog  is  of  a  mottled 
gray,  like  the  outer  bark  of  old  trees.  Grasshoppers  are 
generally  greenish ;  but  there  is  a  species  found  among 
the  gray  lichens  on  our  rocky  hills  which  is  the  color  of 
the  surface  of  these  rocks. 

Among  the  singing-birds  of  this  country  which  are 
remarkable  for  their  brilliant  colors  are  the  golden  oriole, 
the  scarlet  tanager,  and  the  American  goldfinch.  All 
these  species  build  their  nests  in  trees,  and  seldom  run 
on  the  ground.  The  goldfinch  feeds  upon  the  seeds  of 
compound  flowers,  which  are  mostly  yellow.  His  plu- 
mage of  gold  and  olive  allows  him  to  escape  the  sight 
of  an  enemy  while  picking  seeds  from  the  disk  of  a  sun- 
flower or  from  a  cluster  of  goldenrods. 

But  why  are  the  females  plainly  dressed  and  the  males 
alone  adorned  with  brilliant  colors  ?  It  may  be  answered, 
that,  as  the  female  performs  the  duties  of  incubation,  if 
she  were  brightly  colored  like  the  male,  she  would  be 
more  readily  descried  by  a  bird  of  prey  while  sitting  on 
her  nest.  The  male,  on  the  contrary,  while  hunting 
among  the  blossoms  and  foliage  of  trees  for  his  insect 
food,  is  not  so  readily  distinguished  from  the  flowers,  for 
in  temperate  latitudes  the  breeding  season  is  the  time 
when  the  trees  are  in  blossom.  After  the  young  are 
reared  and  the  flowers  have  faded,  several  species  dis- 
pense with  their  brilliant  .colors  and  assume  the  plain 
hues  of  the  female. 

We  must  consider,  however,  that  the  beautiful  colors 
of  the  plumage  of  the  male  birds  serve  to  render  them 
more  conspicuous  objects  of  attraction  to  the  females. 
Hence,  in  the  early  part  of  the  year,  just  before  the  time 
of  courtship  arrives,  Nature  has  provided  that  the  plumage 


58  PLUMAGE   OF   BIRDS. 

of  various  kinds  of  birds  should  suffer  a  metamorphosis. 
Thus  the  bobolink  exchanges  his  winter  garment  of  yel- 
lowish-brown for  one  of  brilliant  straw-color  and  black  ; 
and  the  red- winged  blackbird  casts  off  "his  tawny  suit 
for  one  of  glossy  jet,  with  epaulettes  of  scarlet.  What 
are  the  useful  ends  subserved  by  this  mysterious  pro- 
vision of  Nature  ?  She  clothes  them  with  beauty  and 
endows  them  with  song  at  a  period  when  their  success 
as  lovers  depends  greatly  on  the  multitude  and  power  of 
their  attractions.  Among  the  beautiful  species  their  suc- 
cess is  in  proportion  to  the  splendor  of  their  plumage ; 
and  among  the  warblers,  to  the  charms  of  their  voice. 
Beauty  and  song  are  the  means  Nature  has  furnished 
them,  whereby  they  may  render  themselves,  I  will  not 
say  agreeable,  but  attractive.  I  do  not  suppose  a  beau- 
tiful male  bird  is  preferred  to  a  plain  one  of  the  same 
species ;  but  his  beauty  causes  him  to  be  sooner  discov- 
ered by  an  unmated  female. 

It  is  easy  to  explain,  therefore,  on  the  principle  of  com- 
pensation, why  handsome  birds  in  general  are  endowed 
with  inferior  musical  powers.  They  are  able  to  accom- 
plish by  their  beauty  of  plumage  what  the  plainer  species 
do  by  their  songs.  It  may  be.  observed  that  the  hand- 
some birds,  when  engaged  in  courtship,  place  themselves 
in  attitudes  which  are  calculated  to  display  the  full  beauty 
of  their  plumage;  while  the  songsters  under  the  same 
circumstances  pour  forth  an  unusual  strain  of  melody. 
The  hues  of  the  brightly  colored  male  birds  may  be  a 
means  of  assisting  their  young  in  identifying  them  after 
they  have  left  their  nest.  They  hear,  for  example,  the  loud 
call-note  of  the  golden  robin,  and  immediately  they  recog- 
nize him  by  his  colors,  when,  if  plainly  dressed,  they  might 
not  discover  him.  As  soon  as  they  behold  him  they  com- 
mence their  chirping  and  are  greeted  by  the  old  bird. 

There  is  one  numerous  tribe  of  birds  that  run  upon 


PLUMAGE   OF   BIRDS.  59 

the  ground,  whose  males,  except  those  of  a  few  species, 
are  very  brilliantly  decorated.  This  is  the  gallinaceous 
family,  which  are  an  exception  to  my  remark  that  the 
handsome  birds  inhabit  trees.  But  it  is  only  the  larger 
species  or  genera  of  this  family,  such  as  the  pheasant,  the 
turkey,  the  peacock,  the  curassow,  and  the  common  fowl, 
whose  males  are  thus  gorgeously  arrayed.  Their  colors  are 
evidently  intended  for  their  protection  in  a  peculiar  way. 
All  the  males  of  these  species  are  endowed  with  a  pro- 
pensity to  ruffle  and  expand  their  feathers  whenever  they 
are  threatened  with  attack.  The  boldest  animal  would 
be  frightened  by  the  sudden  expansion  of  the  brilliant 
plumage  of  the  peacock,  and  the  loud  vibrations  of  his 
tail-feathers  when  he  places  himself  in  this  strange  at- 
titude. A  gorgeous  spectacle  suddenly  presented,  and  so 
different  from  anything  that  is  commonly  seen,  would 
overawe  even  the  king  of  beasts.  Similar  effects  in  a 
weaker  degree  would  be  produced  by  the  ruffled  plumage 
of  the  turkey  or  the  pheasant  It  is  worthy  of  remark, 
that  in  proportion  to  the  brilliancy  of  the  colors  is  the 
strength  of  the  impression  made  upon  the  sight  of  the 
creature  that  threatens  them.  The  tendency  of  wild  ani- 
mals to  be  frightened  by  such  causes  is  shown  by  the 
terror  produced  in  them  by  the  sudden  opening  of  an 
umbrella.  But  these  brilliant  plumes  are  confined  to  the 
larger  species  of  the  tribe.  Quails,  partridges,  arid  grouse 
are  generally  colored  like  the  ground,  being  of  a  speckled 
or  brownish  hue,  and  are  distinguished  with  difficulty 
when  sitting  or  standing  among  the  berry- bushes  or 
gleaning  their  repast  in  the  cornfield.  Too  small  to 
defend  themselves  so  well  as  the  larger  species,  their 
colors  are  adapted  to  protect  them  by  concealment,  and 
not  by  dazzling  and  alarming  their  foes. 


KOEIN 


BIEDS   OF   THE   GARDEN   AND    ORCHARD. 
III. 

THE   ROBIN. 

OUR  American  birds  have  not  been  celebrated  in  classic 
song.  They  are  hardly  well  known  even  to  our  own  peo- 
ple, and  have  not  in  general  been  exalted  by  praise  above 
their  real  merits.  We  read,  both  in  prose  and  verse,  of  the 
European  Lark,  the  Linnet,  and  the  Nightingale,  and  the 
English  Robin  Redbreast  has  been  immortalized  in  song. 
But  the  American  Robin  is  a  bird  of  very  different  habits. 
Not  much  has  been  written  about  him  as  a  songster,  and 
he  enjoys  but  little  celebrity.  He  has  never  been  puffed 
and  overpraised,  and  though  universally  admired,  the  many 
who  admire  him  .are  fearful  all  the  while  lest  they  are 
mistaken  in  their  judgment  and  waste  their  admiration 
upon  an  object  that  is  unworthy  of  it,  —  one  whose  true 
merits  fall  short  of  their  own  estimate.  It  is  the  same 
want  of  self-reliance  affecting  the  generality  of  minds 
which  often  causes  every  man  publicly  to  praise  what 
each  one  privately  condemns,  thus  creating  a  spurious 
public  opinion. 

I  shall  not  ask  pardon  of  those  critics  who  are  always 
canting  about  musical  "  power,"  and  who  would  probably 
deny  this  gift  to  the  Robin,  because  he  cannot  gobble  like 
a  turkey  or  squall  like  a  cat,  and  because  with  his  charm- 
ing strains  he  does  not  mingle  all  sorts  of  discords  and 
incongruous  sounds,  for  assigning  the  Robin  a  very 
high  rank  as  a  singing-bird.  Let  them  say,  in  the  cant 
of  modern  criticism,  that  his  performances  cannot  be 


THE  ROBIN  S 


BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD.        63 

great  because  they  are  faultless.  It  is  enough  for  me  that 
his  mellow  notes,  heard  at  the  earliest  flush  of  dawn,  in 
the  busy  hour  of  noon,  or  in  the  stillness  of  evening,  come 
to  the  ear  in  a  stream  of  unqualified  melody,  as  if  he  had 
learned  to  sing  from  the  beautiful  Dryad  who  taught  the 
Lark  and  the  Nightingale.  The  Eobin  is  surpassed  by 
some  other  birds  in  certain  qualities  of  song.  The  Mock- 
ing-Bird  has  more  "  power,"  the  Red  Thrush  more  vari- 
ety, the  Bobolink  more  animation ;  but  there  is  no  bird 
that  has  fewer  faults  than  the  Robin,  or  that  would  be 
more  esteemed  as  a  constant  companion,  —  a  vocalist  for 
all  hours,  whose  strains  never  tire  and  never  offend. 

There  are  thousands  who  admire  the  Mocking-Bird, 
because,  after  pouring  forth  a  long-continued  medley  of 
disagreeable  and  ridiculous  sounds,  or  a  series  of  two  or 
three  notes,  repeated  more  than  a  hundred  times  in  unin- 
terrupted and  monotonous  succession,  he  concludes  with 
a  single  delightfully  modulated  strain.  He  often  brings 
his  tiresome  extravaganzas  to  a  magnificent  climax  of 
melody,  and  as  often  concludes  an  inimitable  chant  with 
a  most  contemptible  bathos.  But  the  notes  of  the  Robin 
are  all  melodious,  all  delightful,  loud  without  vociferation, 
mellow  without  monotony,  fervent  without  ecstasy,  and 
combining  more  of  sweetness  of  tone,  plaintiveness,  cheer- 
fulness, and  propriety  of  utterance  than  the  notes  of  any 
other  bird. 

The  Robin  is  the  Philomel  of  morning  twilight  in  New 
England  and  in  all  the  northeastern  States  of  this  conti- 
nent. If  his  sweet  notes  were  wanting,  the  .mornings 
would  be  like  a  landscape  without  the  rose,  or  a  summer- 
evening  sky  without  tints.  He  is  the  chief  performer  in 
the  delightful  anthem  that  welcomes  the  rising  day.  Of 
others  the  best  are  but  accompaniments  of  more  or  less 
importance.  Remove  the  Robin  from  this  woodland  or- 
chestra, and  it  would  be  left  without  a  soprano.  Over  all 


64        BIRDS  OF  THE  GARDEN  AND  ORCHARD. 

the  northern  parts  of  this  continent,  wherever  there  are 
human  settlements,  the  Eobins  aj-e  numerous  and  familiar. 
There  is  not  an  orchard  in  New  England,  or  in  the  Brit- 
ish Provinces,  that  is  not  enlivened  by  several  of  these 
musicians.  When  we  consider  the  millions  thus  distrib- 
uted over  this  broad  country,  we  can  imagine  the  sublim- 
ity of  that  chorus  which  from  the  middle  of  April  until 
the  last  of  July  daily  ascends  to  heaven  from  the  voices 
of  these  birds,  not  one  male  of  which  is  silent  from  the 
earliest  dawn  until  sunrise. 

The  Kobin,  when  reared  in  confinement,  is  one  of  the 
most  affectionate  and  interesting  of  birds.  A  neighbor 
and  relative  of  mine  kept  one  twenty  years.  He  would 
leave  his  cage  frequently,  hop  about  the  house  and  gar- 
den and  return.  He  not  only  repeated  his  original 
notes,  but  several  strains  of  artificial  music.  Though  not 
prone  to  imitation,  the  Eobin  may  be  taught  to  imitate 
the  notes  of  other  birds.  I  heard  a  tamed  Eobin  in  Ten- 
nessee whistle  "  Over  the  Water  to  Charlie,"  without  miss- 
ing a  note.  Indeed,  this  bird  is  so  tractable  in  his  dispo- 
sition and  so  intelligent,  that  I  believe  he  might  be  taught 
to  sing  any  simple  melody. 

But  why  should  we  set  any  value  on  his  power  of 
learning  artificial  music  ?  Even  if  he  should  perform  like 
a  flautist,  it  would  not  enhance  his  value  as  a  minstrel  of 
the  grove.  We  are  concerned  with  the  singing-birds  only 
as  they  are  in  a  state  of  nature  and  in  their  native  fields 
and  woods.  It  is  the  simplicity  of  their  songs  that  con- 
stitutes their  principal  charm ;  and  if  the  different  war- 
blers were  so  changed  in  their  nature  as  to  relinquish 
their  wild  notes  and  sing  only  tunes,  we  should  listen  to 
them  with  as  much  indifference  as  to  the  whistling  of 
boys  on  the  road. 

5 


BIRDS   OF   THE   GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD.  65 


THE  BALTIMORE   ORIOLE. 

About  the  middle  of  May,  as  soon  as  the  cherry-trees 
are  in  blossom,  and  when  the  oak  and  the  maple  are  be- 
ginning to  unfold  their  plaited  leaves,  the  loud  and  ani- 
mated notes  of  the  Golden  Robin  are  first  heard  in  New 
England.  I  have  never  known  a  bird  of  this  species  to 
arrive  before  that  period.  They  seem  to  be  governed  by 
the  supply  of  their  insect-food,  which  probably  becomes 
abundant  at  the  same  time  with  the  flowering  of  the 
orchards.  On  their  arrival  they  may  be  observed  dili- 
gently hunting  among  the  branches  and  foliage  of  the 
trees,  making  a  particular  examination  of  the  blossoms  for 
the  flies  and  beetles  that  are  lodged  in  them. 

While  the  Oriole  is  thus  employed  in  search  of  food, 
which  he  obtains  almost  exclusively  from  trees,  he  fre- 
quently utters  his  brief  but  loud  and  melodious  notes. 
Of  this  species,  the  males  arrive  a  few  days  before  the 
females,  and  at  first  utter  only  a  few  call-notes,  which 
on  the  arrival  of  their  mates  are  lengthened  into  a  song. 
This  seldom  consists  of  more  than  five  or  six  notes,  though 
the  strain  is  sometimes  immediately  repeated.  Almost 
all  remarkable  singing-birdsL  give  themselves  up  entirely 
to  song  on  their  musical  occasions,  and  pay  no  regard  to 
other  demands  upon  their  time  until  they  have  concluded. 
But  the  Golden  Robin  never  relaxes  from  his  industry, 
nor  remains  stationed  upon  the  branch  of  a  tree  for  the 
sole  purpose  of  singing.  He  sings,  like  an  industrious 
maid-of-all-work,  only  while  employed  in  his  sylvan  oc- 
cupations. 

The  Baltimore  Oriole  is  said  to  inhabit  North  America 
from  Canada  to  Mexico  ;  but  the  species  are  most  abundant 
in  the  northeastern  parts  of  the  continent,  and  a  greater 
number  of  them  breed  in  the  New  JEngland  States  than 
either  south  or  west  of  this  section.  They  are  also  more 


ORIOLE 


BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN    AND    ORCHARD.  67 

numerous  in  villages  and  in  the  suburbs  of  cities  than  in 
the  wilder  regions  where  there  is  less  tillage.  Their  pe- 
culiar manner  of  protecting  their  nests  by  hanging  them 
from  the  spray  of  a  tall  elm  or  other  lofty  tree  enables 
them  to  rear  their  young  in  security,  even  when  sur- 
rounded by  the  dwellings  of  men.  The  only  animals  that 
are  able  to  reach  their  nests  are  the  smaller  squirrels, 
which  have  been  known  to  descend  the  long  slender 
branches  that  sustain  the  nest,  and  to  devour  the  eggs. 
This  depredation  I  have  never  witnessed ;  but  have  seen 
the  red  squirrel  descend  in  this  manner  upon  the  spray 
of  an  elm,  and  seize  the  chrysalis  of  a  certain  insect 
which  was  rolled  up  in  a  leaf. 

The  lively  motions  and  general  activity  of  the  Golden 
Kobin,  no  less  than  his  song,  render  him  interesting  and 
attractive.  He  is  remarkable  for  his  vivacity,  and  his 
bright  colors  make  all  his  movements  conspicuous.  His 
plumage  needs  no  description,  since  every  one  is  familiar 
with  it,  as  its  hues  are  seen  like  flashes  of  fire  among 
the  green  foliage:  Associated  with  these  motions  are  his 
notes  of  anger  and  complaint,  which  have  a  peculiar  vi- 
bratory sound,  somewhat  harsh,  but  not  unmusical. 

The  Golden  Eobin  is  said  to  possess  considerable  power 
of  musical  imitation  ;  but  it  may  be  observed  that  in  all 
his  attempts  he  gives  the  notes  of  those  birds  only  whose 
voice  resembles  his  own.  Thus  he  often  repeats  the  song 
of  the  Virginia  Redbird.  This  I  do  not  consider  an  imi- 
tation, but  a  mere  change  of  his  own  melody  in  a  slight 
degree.  The  few  notes  of  his  own  song  he  utters  fre- 
quently, and  with  great  force  and  a  fine  modulation. 
Sometimes  for  several  days  he  confines  himself  to  a  sin- 
gle strain,  and  then  for  about  the  same  length  of  time 
he  will  adopt  another.  Sometimes  he  extends  his  few 
brief  notes  into  a  lengthened  melody,  and  sings  as  in  an 
ecstasy,  like  birds  of  the  Finch  tribe.  Occasionally  also 


BIRDS    OF    THE   GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD.  69 

he  sings  on  the  wing,  not  while  hovering  over  one  spot, 
but  while  flying  from  one  tree  to  another.  Such  musical 
paroxysms  are  rare  in  his  case,  and  seem  to  be  caused  by 
some  momentary  exultation. 

The  Golden  Eobin  rears  but  one  brood  of  young  in 
New  England,  and  his  cheerful  notes  are  discontinued 
soon  after  they  have  left  their  nest.  The  song  of  the 
old  bird  seems,  after  this  event,  hardly  necessary  as  a 
call-note  to  the  offspring,  who  keep  up  an  incessant  chirp- 
ing from  the  moment  of  leaving  their  nest  until  they 
are  able  to  accompany  their  parents  to  the  woods.  They 
probably  retire  to  the  forest  for  security,  and  vary  their 
subsistence  by  searching  for  insects  that  occupy  a  wilder 
locality.  It  is  remarkable  that  after  an  absence  and 
silence  of  two  or  three  weeks  from  the  flight  of  their 
young  the  Golden  Eobins  suddenly  make  their  appearance 
once  again  for  a  few  days,  uttering  the  same  merry  notes 
with  which  they  announced  their  arrival  in  May.  But 
this  renewal  of  their  song  is  not  continued  many  days. 
We  seldom  see  them  after  the  middle  of  August.  They 
leave  for  their  winter  quarters  early  in  autumn. 


te-hoo,   tee-hoo,   te  -  oo,    te-hoo,  te-hoo,     t  - 1  - 1  - 1,    tee-hoo,  te  -  oo. 
THE    MEADOW-LARK. 

This  bird  is  no  longer,  as  formerly,  a  Lark.  Originally 
an  Alauda,  he  has  since  been  an  Oriolus,  an  Icterus,  a 
Cacicus,  and  a  Sturnus.  He  has  shuffled  off  all  his  for- 
mer identities,  and  is  now  a  Sturnella  magna.  I  will  not 
enter  into  a  calculation  of  the  metamorphoses  he  may  yet 
undergo.  By  the  magic  charm  of  some  inventor  of  another 
new  nomenclature ;  by  the  ingenuity  of  some  Kant  in 


70  BIRDS   OF   THE    GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD. 

Natural  History,  —  if  this  science  be  doomed  ever  to  suf- 
fer such  a  curse,  when,  by  the  use  of  new  names  for  every 
thought  of  the  human  mind,  we  shall  all  be  reduced  to  a 
sudden  ignorance  of  everything  we  once  knew,  and  ren- 
dered incapable  of  talking  or  writing  without  constant 
reference  to  a  new  dictionary  of  terms,  —  the  Meadow- 
Lark  may  yet  be  discovered  to  be  no  bird  at  all,  but  a 
mere  myth  of  the  meadows. 

The  Meadow-Lark,  though  not  the  "  Messenger  of 
Morn"  that  "calls  up  the  tuneful  nations,"  and  though 
perhaps  not  properly  classed  among  our  singing-birds,  has 
a  peculiar  lisping  note  which  is  very  agreeable,  and  not 
unlike  some  of  the  strains  in  the  song  of  the  English 
Wood-Lark,  as  I  have  heard  them  from  a  caged  bird.  Its 
notes  are  heard  soon  after  those  of  the  Robin,  the  earliest 
messenger  of  morn  among  our  singing-birds.  They  are 
shrill,  drawling,  and  plaintive,  sometimes  reminding  rne 
of  the  less  musical  notes  of  the  Redwing  and  sometimes 
of  the  more  musical  and  feeble  song  of  the  Green  War- 
bler. Nuttall  very  aptly  describes  its  notes  by  the  sylla- 
bles et-see-dee-ah,  each  one  drawled  out  to  a  considerable 
length.  These  are  repeated  at  all  hours  of  the  day ;  in- 
deed, they  are  almost  incessant,  for  hardly  a  minute 
passes  when,  if  a  pair  of  the  birds  are  located  in  an  ad- 
joining field,  you  may  not  hear  them.  It  is  the  constant 
repetition  of  their  song  that  has  led  gunners  to  the  dis- 
covery of  the  birds,  which,  if  they  had  been  silent,  might 
have  escaped  notice. 

That  numerous  class  of  men  who  would  be  more  en- 
raptured at  the  sight  of  "  four-and-twenty  blackbirds 
baked  in  a  pie  "  than  at  the  sound  of  their  notes,  though 
they  equalled  those  of  the  Nightingale,  —  men  who  never 
look  upon  a  bird  save  with  the  eyes  and  disposition  of  a 
prowling  cat,  and  who  display  their  knowledge  of  the 
feathered  race  chiefly  at  the  gun-shops,  —  martial  heroes 


BIRDS    OF    THE    GARDEN   AND    ORCHARD.  71 

among  innocent  songsters,  —  have  not  overlooked  a  bird  so 
large  and  plump  as  the  Meadow-Lark.  Vain  is  its  lisp- 
ing and  plaintive  song ;  vain  is  the  beauty  displayed  in 
its  hovering  and  graceful  flight,  in  its  variegated  plumage 
and  its  interesting  ways  !  All  these  things-  serve  but  to 
render  its  species  the  more  conspicuous  mark  for  gunners, 
who  have  hunted  them  so  incessantly  that  they  are  now 
as  shy  as  the  persecuted  Crowt  and  as  elusive  a  mark  for 
the  sportsman  as  a  Loon. 

Samuels  says  that  "usually  one  bird  of  a  flock  is 
perched  on  a  tree  or  a  fence-post  as  a  sentinel,  and  the 
moment  a  gunner  approaches,  the  bird  gives  his  alarm," 
when  all  the  flock  take  wing.  The  Meadow-Lark  is  vari- 
egated above  with  different  shades  of  yellow  and  brown ; 
beneath,  a  lighter  brown  speckled  with  black.  Its  flight 
is  very  graceful,  though  not  vigorous.  The  motions  of  its 
wings  are  rapid  and  intermittent,  the  slight  pauses  in 
their  vibratory  motions  giving  them  a  character  quite 
unique. 

THE   CEDAR-BIRD. 

Little  bird,  that  watchest  the  season  of  mellow  fruits, 
and  ma^est  thy  appearance  like  a  guest  who  conies  only 
on  feast-days,  and,  like  a  truant  urchin,  takest  the  fair 
products  of  the  garden  without  leave  of  the  owner,  saying 
not  even  a  grace  over  thy  meals  like  the  Preacher,  but 
silently  taking  thy  fill,  and  then  leaving  without  even  a 
song  of  thankfulness,  —  still  I  will  welcome  thee  to  the 
festival  of  Nature,  both  for  thy  comely  presence  and  thy 
cheerful  and  friendly  habit  with  thy  fellows. 

The  Cedar-Bird  is  not  a  songster.  It  seldom  utters 
any  note  save  the  lisp  that  may  always  be  heard  when  it 
is  within  sight.  Dr.  Brewer,  who  kept  a  wounded  one  in 
a  cage,  mentions  that  "  beside  its  low,  lisping  call,  this 
bird  had  a  regular,  faint  attempt  at  a  song  of  several  low 


CHERRY  HIRD  CKDAR  BIRD 


BIRDS    OF    THE   GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD.  73 

notes,  uttered  in  so  low  a  tone  that  it  would  be  almost 
inaudible,  even  at  a  short  distance.  It  became  perfectly 
contented  in  confinement,  and  appeared  fond  of  such 
members  of  the  family  as  noticed  it."  He  says  of  this 
species  as  proof  of  their  devotion  to  one  another  and  their 
offspring :  "  Once  when  one  had  been  taken  in  a  net 
spread  over  strawberries,  its  mate  refused  to  leave  it, 
suffered  itself  to  be  taken  by  the  hand  in  its  anxiety  to 
free  its  mate,  and,  when  set  at  liberty,  would  not  leave 
until  its  mate  had  also  been  released  and  permitted  to  go 
with  it." 

According  to  Nuttall,  during  the  mating  season,  they 
are  always  caressing  each  other  like  Turtle  Doves.  There 
is  a  manifestation  of  mutual  fondness  between  these 
social  birds.  A  friend  assured  him  that  he  had  seen  one 
among  a  row  of  them  seize  an  insect  and  offer  it  to  its 
next  neighbor,  who  passed  it  to  the  next,  each  politely 
declining  the  offer,  until  it  had  passed  backwards  and  for- 
wards several  times. 

The  Cedar-Bird  is  not  exclusively  frugivorous.  In  the 
spring  and  early  summer,  before  the  berries  are  ripe,  it 
feeds  wholly  upon  insects  and  their  larvre.  As  a  compen- 
sation for  the  mischief  done  by  the  bird  and  its  fellows 
among  the  fruit-trees,  they  destroy  vast  numbers  of  can- 
ker-worms, taking  them  when  they  are  very  small  and 
nestled  in  the  flower-cup  of  the  apple-tree.  The  ex- 
cessive multiplication  of  the  canker-worm  seems  a  di- 
rect consequence  of  the  proportional  diminution  of  this 
and  a  few  other  valuable  though  mischievous  species. 
Those  cultivators  who  would  gladly  extirpate  the  boys 
as  well  as  the  birds,  taking  care  to  save  boys  enough  to 
kill  the  birds,  might,  instead  of  persecuting  the  Cedar-Bird, 
find  it  more  profitable  in  the  end  to  pay  a  tax  for  its  pres- 
ervation. 

This    bird   is   very   fond   of  the  juniper.      Its   usual 


74  BIRDS   OF   THE   GARDEN  AND   ORCHARD. 

abode  is  among  the  junipers.  From  these,  when  rambling 
in  the  woods,  you  will  often  start  a  flock  ;  for  they  are 
easily  alarmed  on  account  of  the  pertinacity  with  which 
they  have  been  hunted.  It  is  seldom  we  see  one  bird  of 
this  species,  without  at  least  six  or  eight  more  in  its  com- 
pany. Their  habit  of  assembling  in  small  flocks  renders 
them  more  liable  to  be  extirpated ;  for  those  who  would 
grudge  a  charge  of  powder  and  shot  for  the  flesh  of  a  sin- 
gle bird  are  delighted  to  shoot  into  a  flock,  when  perhaps 
six  or  eight  little  tender  birds  will  fall  to  the  ground. 

The  Cedar-Bird  is  remarkable  for  the  elegance  of  its 
shape  ;  and  though  the  colors  of  its  plumage  are  not  brill- 
iant, they  are  exceedingly  fine  and  delicate.  Its  general 
color  above  is  a  reddish- brown,  slightly  tinged  with  olive  ; 
somewhat  brighter  on  the  breast,  dark  in  the  throat,  tail 
tipped  with  yellow,  forehead  with  a  bla::k  line  over  the 
eyes,  and  little  scarlet  beads  upon  the  outer  wing-feathers, 
resembling  dots  of  red  sealing-wax. 

THE   INDIGO-BIRD. 

Some  of  the  earliest  nests  I  discovered  in  my  boyhood 
were  those  of  the  Indigo-Bird,  of  which,  for  several  suc- 
cessive years,  there  were  two  or  three  in  a  grove  of  young 
locust-trees  near  the  building  where  I  attended  school. 
Hence  I  have  always  associated  this  bird  with  the  locust- 
tree.  Every  one  admires  the  beauty  of  the  Indigo-Bird, — 
its  plumage  of  dark-blue,  with  green  reflections  when  in 
a  certain  light.  Its  color  is  not  that  of  the  Bluebird ; 
but  more  nearly  resembles  a  piece  of  indigo,  being 
almost  a  blue-black.  Though  it  never  comes  very 
near  our  windows,  it  does  not  appear  to  be  shy,  and  it 
prefers  the  trees  of  our  gardens  and  enclosures  to  those 
of  the  forest.  When  the  breeding  season  is  over,  the  old 
birds  probably  retire  to  the  woods ;  for,  after  the  young- 
have  taken  flight,  they  are  seldom  seen. 


BIRDS   OF   THE   GARDEN  AND   ORCHARD.  75 

i 

I  think  Mr.  Nuttall  is  incorrect  in  his  description  of 
the  Indigo-Bird's  song.  It  certainly  has  not  that  variety 
and  pathos  which  he  ascribes  to  it.  The  song  is  rather 
a  lively  see-saw  without  expressing  even  animation.  It 
ought  not  to  be  considered  plaintive.  His  notes  are 
sharp,  not  unlike  those  parts  of  the  Canary's  song  which 
are  disagreeable.  I  allude  to  the  sip,  sip,  sip,  sip,  which 
the  Canary  intersperses  with  his  more  musical  and. roll- 
ing notes.  The  whole  song  of  the  Indigo-Bird  is  but 
a  repetition  of  the  sip,  sip,  of  the  Canary,  modified  by  the 
addition  of  another  note,  like  sip-see,  sip-see,  sip-see,  sip- 
see,  repeated  four  or  five  times  very  moderately,  with  a 
few  unimportant  intervening  notes.  Neither  has  the  song 
of  the  Indigo-Bird  so  much  rapidity  as  Nuttall  ascribes  to 
it.  His  notes,  though  not  slow,  are  but  little  more  rapid 
than  those  of  the  Eobin.  He  has  the  merit,  however,  of 
being  one  of  the  few  of  our  birds  that  sing  persistently  at 
noonday. 

THE   SUMMER  YELLOW-BIRD. 

There  is  no  common  feature  in  our  New  England 
domestic  landscape  more  remarkable  than  the  frequent 
rows  of  willows  which  have  at  different  times  been 
planted  by  the  sides  of  roads  where  they  pass  over  wet 
meadows.  The  air  is  never  sweeter,  not  even  in  a  grove 
of  lindens,  than  the  vernal  breezes  that  are  constantly 
playing  among  the  willows,  when  they  are  hung  with 
golden  aments,  and  swarming  with  bees  and  butterflies. 
Here,  flitting  among  the  soft  foliage  of  these  trees  after 
the  middle  of  May,  you  will  never  fail  to  meet  the  little 
Summer  Yellow-Bird,  whose  plumage  is  so  near  the  color 
of  the  willow-blossoms  that  they  almost  conceal  it  from 
observation. 

The  Summer  Yellow-Bird  is  one  of  that  incomparable 
tribe  of  warblers,  comprehended  under  the  general  name 


YELLOW   HIRD 


BIRDS    OF   THE   GARDEN   AND    ORCHARD.  77 

of  sylvians,  that  frequents  familiar  places.  His  plumage 
is  not  a  brigiit  yellow,  but  faintly  streaked  with  olive  on 
the  back  and  wings.  He  feeds  entirely  on  insects,  and  is 
frequently  seen  in  gardens  among  the  cherry-trees  and 
currant-bushes  in  search  of  them.  The  birds  of  this 
species  are  not  shy ;  and  I  have  observed  the  same  con- 
fiding docility  in  other  small  birds  which  are  not  perse- 
cuted. The  note  of  the  male  is  remarkable  only  for  its 
sweetness.  It  is  too  brief  and  shrill  to  attract  attention, 
except  by  giving  notice  of  the  cheerful  presence  of  the 
bird.  He  is  so  familiar  as  frequently  to  come  up  close 
to  our  windows  when  a  tree  is  near,  peeping  in  upon  us 
as  if  to  watch  our  motions. 

There  is  nothing  in  his  general  habits  to  render  him 
conspicuous ;  and  little  is  said  about  him,  because  he 
is  quiet  and  unobtrusive.  But  were  his  whole  species 
banished  from  our  land,  he  would  be  missed  as  we  should 
miss  the  little  cinqfoil  from  our  green  hillsides,  which  it 
sprinkles  with  its  modest  and  familiar  flowers,  though  it 
attracts  no  admiration.  The  Summer  Yellow-Bird,  like 
this  little  flower,  dwells  sweetly  among  the  willows  and 
cherry-trees,  seen  by  all,  and  loved  for  its  unpretending 
beauty,  its  cheerful  note,  and  its  innocent  habits. 

Dr.  Brewer  mentions  the  Summer  Yellow-Bird  as  one 
of  the  few  species  that  refuses  to  hatch  the  egg  of  the 
Cowbird.  If  this  bird  should  drop  one  of  its  eggs  into 
her  nest,  she  builds  up  the  walls  and  then  covers  the  spu- 
rious egg  with  a  thick  coating  of  fresh  materials.  He 
mentions  one  remarkable  case  that  happened  in  his  own 
garden.  The  Yellow-Bird  had  already  built  a  new  nest 
over  one  Cowbird's  egg.  Another  was  deposited  in  the  new 
nest,  and  she  built  over  that.  She  had  finally  made  a 
nest  with  three  stories,  the  last' one  containing  only  the 
Yellow-Bird's  eggs.  This  fact  and  others  of  a  similar 
kind,  related  by  ornithologists,  indicate  an  unusual  share 


78  BIRDS   OF   THE   GARDEN   AND   ORCHARD. 

of  intelligence  in  this  species.  Dr.  Brewer  also  mentions 
an  anecdote  related  to  him  by  a  friend.  A  pair  of  Yellow- 
Birds  had  built  their  nest  in  a  low  bush,  and  filled  it 
with  egg's,  when  a  storm  partly  overturned  it.  They 
abandoned  it  and  built  another  in  the  same  bush,  and  the 
female  laid  her  eggs  and  sat  upon  them.  "The  narrator 
then  restored  the  first  nest  to  an  upright  position  and 
securely  fastened  it."  The  male  bird  immediately  sat 
upon  the  eggs  in  this  nest,  while  the  female  sat  upon  the 
other.  In  this  way  each  one  hatched,  fed,  and  reared  its 
separate  family. 


THE   ANTHEM   OF   MORN. 

NATURE,  for  the  delight  of  waking  eyes,  has  arrayed 
the  morning  heavens  in  the  loveliest  hues  of  beauty. 
Fearing  to  dazzle  by  an  excess  of  light,  she  first  an- 
nounces day  by  a  faint  and  glimmering  twilight,  then 
sheds  a  purple  tint  over  the  brows  of  the  rising  morn, 
and  infuses  a  transparent  ruddiness  throughout  the  at- 
mosphere. As  daylight  widens,  successive  groups  of 
mottled  and  rosy-bosomed  clouds  assemble  on  the  gilded 
sphere,  and,  crowned  with  wreaths  of  fickle  rainbows, 
spread  a  mirrored  Hush  over  hill,  grove,  and  lake,  and 
every  village  spire  is  burnished  with  their  splendor.  At 
length,  through  crimsoned  vapors,  we  behold  the  sun's 
broad  disk,  rising  with  a  countenance  so  serene  that  every 
eye  may  view  him  ere  he  arrays  himself  in  his  meridian 
brightness.  Not  many  people  who  live  in  towns  are 
aware  of  the  pleasure  attending  a  ramble  near  the  woods 
and  orchards  at  daybreak  in  the  early  part  of  summer. 
The  drowsiness  we  feel  on  rising  from  our  beds  is  grad- 
ually dispelled  by  the  clear  and  healthful  breezes  of 
early  day,  and  we  soon  experience  an  unusual  amount 
of  vigor  and  elasticity.  Nature  has  so  ordered  her 
bounties  and  her  blessings  as  to  cause  the  hour  which 
is  consecrated  to  health  to  be  attended  with  the  greatest 
number  of  charms  for  all  the  senses ;  and  to  make  all 
hearts  enamored  of  the  morning,  she  has  environed  it 
with  everything,  in  heaven  and  on  earth,  that  is  delight- 
ful to  the  eye  or  to  the  ear,  or  capable  of  inspiring  some 
agreeable  sentiment. 


80  THE  ANTHEM  OF  MORN. 

During  the  night  the  stillness  of  all  things  is  the  cir- 
cumstance that  most  powerfully  attracts  our  notice,  ren- 
dering us  peculiarly  sensitive  to  every  accidental  sound 
that  meets  the  ear.  In  the  morning,  at  this  time  of  year, 
on  the  contrary,  we  are  overwhelmed  by  the  vocal  and 
multitudinous  chorus  of  the  feathered  tribe.  If  you 
would  hear  the  commencement  of  this  grand  anthem  of 
nature,  you  must  rise  at  the  very  first  appearance  of 
dawn,  before  the  twilight  has  formed  a  complete  semicir- 
cle above  the  eastern  porch  of  heaven.  The  first  note  that 
proceeds  from  the  little  warbling  host  is  the  shrill  chirp 
of  the  hair-bird,  —  occasionally  vocal  at  all  hours  on  a 
warm  summer  night.  This  strain,  which  is  a  continued 
trilling  sound,  is  repeated  with  diminishing  intervals, 
until  it  becomes  almost  incessant.  But  ere  the  hair-bird 
has  uttered  many  notes  a  single  robin  begins  to  warble 
from  a  neighboring  orchard,  soon  followed  by  others,  in- 
creasing in  numbers  until,  by  the  time  the  eastern  sky 
is  flushed  with  crimson,  every  male  robin  in  the  country 
round  is  singing  with  fervor. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  note  the  exact  order  in  which 
the  different  birds  successively  begin  their  parts  in  this 
performance ;  but  the  bluebird,  whose  song  is  only  a 
short  mellow  warble,  is  heard  nearly  at  the  same  time 
with  the  robin,  and  the  song-sparrow  joins  them  soon  after 
with  his  brief  but  finely  modulated  strain.  The  different 
species  follow  rapidly,  one  after  another,  in  the  chorus, 
until  the  whole  welkin  rings  with  their  matin  hyrnn  of 
gladness.  I  have  often  wondered  that  the  almost  simul- 
taneous utterance  of  so  many  different  notes  should  pro- 
duce no  discords,  and  that  they  should  result  in  such 
complete  harmony.  In  this  multitudinous  confusion  of 
voices,  no  two  notes  are  confounded,  and  none  has  suf- 
ficient duration  to  grate  harshly  with  a  dissimilar  sound. 
Though  each  performer  sings  only  a  few  strains  and  then 


THE   ANTHEM   OF   MORN.  81 

makes  a  pause,  the  whole  multitude  succeed  one  another 
with  such  rapidity  that  we  hear  an  uninterrupted  flow 
of  music  until  the  broad  light  of  day  invites  them  to 
other  employments. 

When  there  is  just  light  enough  to  distinguish  the  birds, 
we  may  observe,  here  and  there,  a  single  swallow  perched 
on  the  roof  of  a  barn  or  shed,  repeating  two  twittering  notes 
incessantly,  with  a  quick  turn  and  a  hop  at  every  note 
he  utters.  It  would  seem  to  be  the  design  of  the  bird 
to  attract  the  attention  of  his  mate,  arid  this  motion 
seems  to  be  made  to  assist  her  in  discovering  his  position. 
As  soon  as  the  light  has  tempted  him  to  fly  abroad, 
this  twittering  strain  is  uttered  more  like  a  continued 
song,  as  he  flits  rapidly  through  the  air.  But  at  this  later 
moment  the  purple  martins  have  commenced  their  more 
melodious  chattering,  so  loudly  as  to  attract  for  a  while 
the  most  of  our  attention.  There  is  not  a  sound  in  nature 
so  cheering  and  animating  as  the  song  of  the  purple  mar- 
tin, and  none  so  well  calculated  to  drive  away  melancholy. 
Though  not  one  of  the  earliest  voices  to  be  heard,  the 
chorus  is  perceptibly  more  loud  and  effective  when  this 
bird  has  united  with  the  choir. 

When  the  flush  of  morning  has  brightened  into  vermil- 
ion, and  the  place  from  which  the  sun  is  soon  to  emerge 
lias  attained  a  dazzling  brilliancy,  the  robins  are  already 
less  tuneful.  They  are  now  becoming  busy  in  collecting 
food  for  their  morning  repast,  and  one  by  one  they  leave 
the  trees,  and  may  be  seen  hopping  upon  the  tilled 
ground,  in  quest  of  the  worms  and  insects  that  have  crept 
out  during  the  night  from  their  subterranean  retreats. 
But  as  the  robins  grow  silent,  the  bobolinks  begin  their 
vocal  revelries ;  and  to  a  fanciful  mind  it  might  seem 
that  the  robins  had  gradually  resigned  their  part  in 
the  performance  to  the  bobolinks,  not  one  of  which  is 
heard  until  some  of  the  former  have  concluded  their 


82  THE   ANTHEM   OF   MORN. 

songs.  The  little  hair-bird  still  continues  his  almost 
incessant  chirping,  the  first  to  begin  and  the  last  to 
quit  the  performance.  Though  the  voice  of  this  bird  is 
not  very  sweetly  modulated,  it  blends  harmoniously  with 
the  notes  of  other  birds,  arid  greatly  increases  the  charm- 
ing effect  of  the  combination. 

It  would  be  tedious  to  name  all  the  birds  that  take 
part  in  this  chorus ;  but  we  must  not  omit  the  pewee, 
with  his  melancholy  ditty,  occasionally  heard  like  a  short 
minor  strain  in  an  oratorio ;  nor  the  oriole,  who  is  really 
one  of  the  chief  performers,  and  who,  as  his  bright  plu- 
mage flashes  upon  the  sight,  warbles  forth  a  few  notes  so 
clear  and  mellow  as  to  be  heard  above  every  other  sound. 
Adding  a  pleasing  variety  to  all  this  harmony,  the  lisping 
notes  of  the  meadow-lark,  uttered  in  a  shrill  tone,  and 
with  a  peculiarly  pensive  modulation,  are  plainly  audible, 
with  short  rests  between  each  repetition. 

There  is  a  little  brown  sparrow,  resembling  the  hair- 
bird,  save  a  general  tint  of  russet  in  his  plumage,  that 
may  be  heard  distinctly  among  the  warbling  host.  He 
is  rarely  seen  in  cultivated  grounds,  but  frequents  the 
wild  pastures,  and  is  the  bird  that  warbles  so  sweetly 
at  midsummer,  when  the  whortleberries  are  ripe,  and  the 
fields  are  beautifully  spangled  with  red  lilies.  There  is 
no  confusion  in  the  notes  of  his  song,  which  consists  of 
one  syllable  rapidly  repeated,  but  increasing  in  rapidity 
and  rising  to  a  higher  key  towards  the  conclusion.  He 
sometimes  prolongs  his  strain,  when  his  notes  are  ob- 
served to  rise  and  fall  in  succession.  These  plaintive  and 
expressive  notes  are  very  loud  and  constantly  uttered, 
during  the  hour  that  precedes  the  rising  of  the  sun.  A 
dozen  warblers  of  this  species,  singing  in  concert,  and 
distributed  in  different  parts  of  the  field,  form,  perhaps, 
the  most  delightful  part  of  the  woodland  oratorio  to  which 
we  have  listened. 


JUNE. 

ALREADY  do  we  feel  the  influence  of  a  more  genial 
sky ;  a  maturer  verdure  gleams  from  every  part  of  the 
landscape,  and  a  prouder  assemblage  of  wild-flowers  re- 
minds us  of  the  arrival  of  summer.  The  balmy  south- 
west reigns  the  undisturbed  monarch  of  the  weather  ;  the 
chill  breezes  rest  quietly  upon  the  serene  bosom  of  the 
deep ;  and  the  ocean,  as  tranquil  as  the  blue  canopy  of 
heaven,  yields  itself  to  the  warm  influence  of  the  sum- 
mer sun,  as  if  it  were  conscious  of  the  blessing  of  his 
beams.  The  sun  rides,  like  a  proud  conqueror,  over  three 
quarters  of  the  heavens,  and,  as  if  delighted  with  his 
victory  over  the  darkness,  smiles  with  unwonted  com- 
placency upon  the  beautiful  things  which  are  rejoicing 
in  his  presence.  Twilight  refuses  to  leave  the  brows  of 
night,  and  her  morning  and  evening  rays  meet  and  blend 
together  at  midnight  beneath  the  polar  sphere.  She 
twines  her  celestial  rosy  wreaths  around  the  bosoms  of 
the  clouds,  that  rival  in  beauty  the  terrestrial  garlands  of 
summer.  The  earth  and  the  sky  seem  to  emulate  each 
other  in  their  attempts  to  beautify  the  temples  of  nature 
and  of  thje  Deity ;  and  while  the  one  hangs  out  her  dra- 
pery of  silver  and  vermilion  over  the  sapphirine  arches 
of  the  firmament,  the  other  spangles  the  green  plains 
and  mountains  with  living  gems  of  every  hue,  and  crowns 
the  whole  landscape  with  lilies  and  roses. 

The  mornings  and  evenings  have  acquired  a  delightful 
temperature,  that  invites  us  to  rise  prematurely  from  our 
repose,  to  enjoy  the  greater  luxury  of  the  balmy  breezes. 


84  JUNE. 

The  dews  hang  heavily  upon  the  herbage,  and  the  white 
frosts  have  gone  away  to  join  the  procession  of  the  chill 
autumnal  nights.  The  little  modest  spring  flowers  are 
half  hidden  beneath  the  prouder  foliage  of  the  flowers  of 
summer;  the  violets  can  hardly  look  upon  us  from  un- 
der the  broad  leaves  of  the  fern ;  and  the  anemones,  like 
some  little  unpretending  beauty  in  the  midst  of  a  glitter- 
ing crowd,  are  scarcely  observed  as  they  are  fast  fading 
beneath  the  shade  of  the  tall  shrubbery.  The  voice  of  the 
early  song-sparrow  and  the  tender  warbling  of  the  blue- 
bird are  but  faintly  audible  amidst  the  chorus  of  louder 
musicians ;  the  myriads  of  piping  creatures  are  silent  in  the 
wet  places,  and  the  tree-frogs,  having  taken  up  their  song, 
make  a  constant  melodious  croaking,  after  nightfall,  from 
the  wooded  swamps.  The  summer  birds  have  all  arrived  ; 
their  warbling  resounds  from  every  nook  arid  dell;  thou- 
sands of  their  nests  are  concealed  in  every  grove  and 
orchard,  among  the  branches  of  the  trees,  or  on  the  ground 
beneath  a  tuft  of  shrubbery ;  egg-shells,  of  various  hues, 
are  cast  out  of  their  nests,  and  the  callow  young  lie  in  the 
open  air,  exposed  to  the  tender  mercies  of  the  genial 
month  of  June. 

The  season  of  anticipation  has  passed  away ;  the  early 
month  of  fruition  has  come ;  the  hopes  of  our  vernal 
morning  have  ripened  into  realities ;  we  no  longer  look 
into  the  future  for  our  enjoyments,  but  we  revel  at  length 
in  all  those  pleasures  from  which  we  expected  to  derive 
a  perfect  satisfaction.  The  month  of  June  is  emblemati- 
cal of  the  period  of  life  that  immediately  succeeds  the 
departure  of  youth,  when  all  our  sources  of  enjoyment 
are  most  abundant,  and  our  capacity  for  higher  pleasure 
has  attained  maturity,  and  when  the  only  circumstance 
that  damps  our  feelings  is  the  absence  of  that  lightness 
of  heart  arising  from  a  hopeful  looking  forward  to  the 
future.  Our  manhood  and  our  summer  have  arrived. 


JUNE.  B5 

but  our  youth  and  our  spring  have  gone  by ;  and  though 
we  have  the  enjoyment  of  all  we  anticipated,  yet  with 
the  fruition  hope  begins  to  languish,  for  in  the  present 
exists  the  fulness  of  our  joys.  The  flowery  treasures, 
foretokened  by  the  first  blue  violet,  are  blooming  around 
us ;  the  melodious  concert,  to  which  the  little  song-spar- 
row warbled  a  sweet  prelude  in  March,  is  now  swelling 
from  a  full  band  of  songsters,  and  the  sweet  summer 
climate  that  was  harbored  by  an  occasional  south- wind 
has  arrived.  But  there  is  sadness  in  fruition.  With  all 
these  voluptuous  gales  and  woodland  minstrelsies,  we 
cannot  help  wishing  for  a  renewal  of  those  feelings  with 
which  we  greeted  the  first  early  flower  and  listened  to 
the  song  of  the  earliest  returning  bird. 

Nature  has  thus  nearly  equalized  our  happiness  in 
every  season.  When  our  actual  joys  are  least  abundant, 
fancy  is  near  at  hand,  to  supply  us  with  the  visions  of 
those  pleasures  of  which  we  cannot  enjoy  the  substance ; 
filling  our  souls  in  spring  with  the  hope  of  the  future, 
comforting  us  in  autumn  with  the  memory  of  the  past, 
and  amusing  us  in  winter  with  a  tranquil  retrospection 
of  the  whole  year  and  the  pleasant  watching  for  the 
dawn  of  another  spring. 

A  total  change  has  taken  place  in  the  aspect  of  the 
woods  since  the  middle  of  the  last  month.  The  light, 
yellowish  green  of  the  willows  and  thorns,  the  purple 
of  the  sumach,  and  the  various  hues  of  other  sprouting 
foliage  have  ripened  into  a  dark  uniform  verdure.  The 
grass,  as  it  waves  in  the  meadows,  gleams  like  the  bil- 
lows of  the  ocean  ;  and  the  glossy  surfaces  of  the  ripe 
leaves  of  the  trees,  as  they  tremble  in  the  wind,  glitter 
like  millions  of  imperfect  mirrors  in  the  light  of  the  sun. 
The  petals  of  the  fading  blossoms  are  flying  in  all  direc- 
tions, as  they  are  scattered  by  the  fluttering  gales,  and 
cover,  like  flakes  of  snow,  the  surface  of  the  orchards. 


86  JUNE. 

The  flowers  of  innumerable  forest-trees  are  in  a  state  of 
maturity,  and  the  yellow  dust  from  their  flower-cups, 
scattered  widely  over  the  earth,  may  be  seen  after 
showers,  covering  the  edges  of  the  beds  of  dried  water- 
pools,  in  yellow  circular  streaks. 

The  pines  and  other  coniferous  trees  are  in  flower  dur- 
ing this  month ;  and  the  golden  hues  of  their  blossoms 
contrast  beautifully  with  the  deep  verdure  of  their  foliage. 
These  trees,  like  others,  shed  their  leaves  in  autumn ;  but 
it  is  the  foliage  of  the  preceding  year  that  falls,  leaving 
that  of  the  last  summer  still  upon  the  trees.  This  foliage 
is  very  slowly  perishable,  and  covers  the  earth  where  it 
falls,  during  all  the  year,  with  that  brown,  smooth,  and 
fragrant  carpet,  which  is  characteristic  of  a  pine  wood. 
Among  the  flowers  which  are  conspicuous  on  this  brown 
matted  foliage  is  the  purple  lady's-slipper,  whose  inflated 
blossoms  often  burst  upon  the  sight  of  the  rambler,  as  if 
they  had  risen  up  by  enchantment.  In  similar  haunts 
the  trientalis,  unrivalled  in  the  peculiar  delicacy  of  its 
flowers,  that  issue  from  a  single  whorl  of  pointed  leaves, 
supported  upon  a  tall  and  slender  footstalk,  never  fails 
to  attract  the  attention  of  the  botanist  and  the  lover  of 
nature. 

Our  gardens,  during  the  first  of  this  month,  exhibit  few 
exotics  more  beautiful  than  the  Canadian  rhodora,  an  in- 
digenous shrub,  which  is  at  this  time  in  full  flower  in  the 
wild  pastures.  It  is  from  two  to  five  feet  in  height,  and 
its  brilliant  purple  flowers,  unrivalled  in  delicacy,  appear 
on  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  when  the  leaves  are 
just  beginning  to  unfold.  It  is  rendered  singularly  attrac- 
tive by  the  contrast  between  its  purple  hues,  of  peculiar 
resplendency,  and  the  whiteness  of  the  flowers  of  almost 
all  other  shrubs,  at  this  season.  This  plant,  by  its  flower- 
ing, marks  the  commencement  of  summer,  and  may  be 
considered  an  apt  symbol  of  the  brilliant  month  of  June. 


JUNE.  87 

June  is  the  month  of  the  arethusas,  —  those  charming 
flowers  of  the  peat-meadows,  —  belonging  to  a  tribe  that 
is  too  delicate  for  cultivation.  Like  the  beautiful  birds 
of  the  forest,  they  were  created  for  Nature's  own  temples  ; 
and  the  divinities  of  the  wood,  under  whose  invisible 
protection  they  thrive,  will  not  permit  them  to  join  with 
the  multitude  that  grace  the  parterre.  The  cymbidium, 
of  a  similar  habit,  the  queen  of  the  meadows,  with  larger 
flowers  and  more  numerous  clusters;  the  crimson  orchis, 
that  springs  up  by  the  river-sides,  among  the  myrtle-like 
foliage,  of  the  cranberry  and  the  nodding  panicles  of 
the  quaking-grass,  like  a  spire  of  living  flame ;  and  the 
still  more  rare  and  delicate  white  orchis,  that,  hidden  in 
deep  mossy  dells  in  the  woods,  seldom  feels  the  direct  light 
of  the  sun,  —  are  all  alike  consecrated  to  solitude  and  to 
Nature,  as  if  they  were  designed  to  cheer  the  hearts  of  her 
humble  votaries  with  the  sight  of  a  thing  of  beauty  that 
has  not  been  appropriated  for  the  exclusive  adornment  of 
the  garden  and  the  palace. 

The  rambler  may  already  perceive  a  difference  in  the 
characters  of  the  flowers  of  this  month  and  of  the  last. 
In  May  the  prominent  colors  were  white  and  the  lighter 
shades  of  purple  and  lilac,  in  which  the  latter  were  but 
faintly  blended.  In  June  the  purple  shades  predominate 
in  the  flowers,  except  those  of  the  shrubs,  which  are 
mostly  white.  The  scarlet  hues  are  seldom  seen  until 
after  midsummer.  The  yellows  seem  to  be  confined  to 
no  particular  season,  being  conspicuous  in  the  dandelion, 
ranunculus,  and  coltsfoot  of  spring;  in  the  potentilla, 
the  senecio,  and  the  loosestrife  of  summer;  and  in  the 
sunflower,  golden-rod,  and  many  other  tribes  of  autumn. 
Blue  is  slightly  sprinkled  through  all  the  seasons. 

One  of  the  most  charming  appearances  of  the  present 
month,  to  one  who  is  accustomed  to  the  minute  obser- 
vation of  Nature's  works,  is  the  flowering  of  the  grasses. 


8$  JUNE. 

Though  this  extensive  tribe  of  plants  is  remarkable  in 
no  instances  for  the  brilliancy  of  its  flowers,  yet  there 
are  few  that  exhibit  more  beauty  in  their  aggregations ; 
some  rearing  their  flowers  in  a  compact  head,  like  the 
herd's-grass  and  the  foxtail ;  others  spreading  them  out 
in  an  erect  panicle,  like  a  tree,  as  the  orchard-grass  and 
the  common  redtop ;  others  appearing  with  a  bristling- 
head,  like  wheat  and  barley;  and  a  countless  variety 
of  species,  with  nodding  panicles,  like  the  oat  and  the 
quaking-grass.  The  greater  number  of  the  gramineous 
plants  are  in  flower  at  the  present  time,  and  there  are 
no  other  species,  save  the  flowerless  plants,  which  afford 
more  attractions  to  those  who  examine  nature  with  the 
discriminating  eye  of  science. 

He  who  is  accustomed  to  rambling  is  now  keenly  sen- 
sible of  that  community  of  property  in  nature,  of  which 
he  cannot  be  deprived.  The  air  of  heaven  belongs  equal- 
ly to  all,  and  cannot  be  monopolized;  but  the  land  is 
apportioned  into  tracts  belonging  to  different  owners,  and 
the  many  perhaps  do  not  o\vn  a  rood.  Yet  to  a  certain 
extent,  and  in  a  very  important  sense,  the  earth,  the 
trees,  the  flowers,  and  the  landscape  are  common  prop- 
erty. He  who  owns  a  fine  garden  possesses  but  little- 
advantage  over  him  who  is  without  one.  We  are  all 
free  in  this  country  to  roam  over  the  wide  fields  and 
pastures ;  we  can  eat  of  the  fruits  of  the  earth,  and 
feast  our  eyes  on  the  beauties  of  nature,  as  well  as  the 
owner  of  the  largest  domain.  A  man  is  not  poor  who, 
while  he  obtains  the  comforts  of  life,  is  thus  capable  of 
enjoying  the  blessings  of  nature.  His  property  is  not 
circumscribed  by  fences  and  boundary  lines.  All  the 
earth  is  his  garden,  —  cultivated  without  expense  and 
enjoyed  without  anxiety.  He  partakes  of  these  bounties 
which  cannot  be  confined  to  a  legal  possessor,  and  which 
Providence,  as  a  compensation  to  those  who  are  worn  with 


JUNE.  £9 

toil  or  harassed  with  care,  spreads  out  to  gladden  them 
with  renewed  hopes  and  to  warm  their  hearts  with  grati- 
tude and  benevolence. 

June  is,  of  all  months  of  the  year,  the  most  delightful 
period  of  woodland  minstrelsy.  With  the  early  birds 
that  still  continue  their  warbling,  the  summer  birds  have 
joined  their  louder  and  more  melodious  strains.  Early 
in  the  morning,  when  the  purple  light  of  dawn  first 
awakens  us  from  sleep,  arid  while  the  red  rays  that 
fringe  the  eastern  arches  of  the  sky  witli  a  beautiful  trem- 
ulous motion  are  fast  brightening  into  a  more  dazzling 
radiance,  we  hear  from  the  feathered  tribe  the  commence- 
ment of  their  general  hymn  of  gladness.  There  is  first 
an  occasional  twittering,  then  a  single  performance  from 
some  early  waker,  then  a  gradual  joining  of  new  voices, 
until  at  length  there  is  a  full  chorus  of  song.  Every  few 
minutes  some  new  voice  joins  in  the  concert,  as  if  aroused 
by  the  beginners  and  excited  by  emulation,  until  thou- 
sands of  melodious  voices  seem  to  be  calling  us  out  from 
sleep  to  the  enjoyment  of  life  and  liberty. 

After  the  sun  has  risen  nearly  to  meridian  height,  the 
greater  number  of  the  birds  that  helped  to  swell  the  an- 
them of  morn  discontinue  their  songs,  and  a  comparative 
silence  prevails  during  the  heat  of  the  day.  The  vireo, 
however,  warbles  incessantly,  at  all  hours  of  daylight, 
from  the  lofty  tree-tops  in  the  heart  of  the  villages ;  the 
oriole  is  still  piping  at  intervals  among  the  blossoms  of 
the  fruit-trees  ;  and  the  merry  bobolink  never  tires  during 
the  heat  of  the  day,  while  singing  and  chattering,  as  in 
ecstasy,  above  and  around  the  sitting-place  of  his  wedded 
mate.  At  the  hour  of  the  sun's  decline  the  birds  renew 
their  songs ;  but  the  more  familiar  species  that  linger 
about  our  orchards  and  gardens  are  far  less  musical  at 
sunset  than  at  sunrise. 


BIRDS   OF  THE   PASTURE  AND  FOREST.. 
I. 

HE  who  has  always  lived  in  the  city  or  its  suburbs, 
who  has  seldom  visited  the  interior  except  for  purposes 
of  trade,  -and  .whose  walks  have  not  often  extended  be- 
yond those  roads  which  are  bordered  on  each  side  by 
shops  and  dwelling-houses,  may  never  have  heard  some 
of  our  most  remarkable  songsters.  These  are  the  birds 
of  the  pasture  and  forest,  those  shy,  melodious  warblers 
who  sing  only  in  the  ancient  haunts  of  the  Dryads. 
These  birds  have  not  multiplied  like  the  familiar  birds  in 
the  same  proportion  with  the  increase  of  human  popula- 
tion and  the  extension  of  agriculture.  Though  they  do  not 
shun  mankind,  they  keep  aloof  from  villages,  living  chiefly 
in  the  deep  wood  or  on  the  edge  of  the  forest  and  in  the 
bushy  pasture. 

There  is  a  peculiar  wildness  in  the  songs  of  this  class 
of  birds  that  awakens  a  delightful  mood  of  mind,  similar 
to  that  which  is  excited  by  reading  the  figurative  lyrics 
of  a  romantic  age.  This  feeling  is  undoubtedly,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  the  effect  of  association.  Having  always  heard 
their  notes  in  wild  and  wooded  places,  they  never  fail  to 
bring  this  kind  of  scenery  vividly  before  the  imagination, 
and  their  voices  are  like  the  sounds  of  mountain  streams. 
It  is  certain  that  the  notes  of  the  solitary  birds  do  not 
affect  us  like  those  of  the  Eobin  and  the  Linnet;  and 
their  influence  is  the  same,  whether  it  be  attributable 
to  some  intrinsic  quality  or  to  association,  which  is  in- 
deed the  source  of  some  of  the  most  delightful  emotions 
of  the  human  soul. 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND    FOREST.  91 

Nature  has  made  all  her  scenes  and  the  sights  and 
sounds  that  accompany  them  more  lovely  by  causing 
them  to  be  respectively  suggestive  of  a  peculiar  class  of 
sensations.  The  birds  of  the  pasture  and  forest  are  not 
frequent  enough  in  cultivated  places  to  be  associated  with 
our  homes  and  our  gardens.  Nature  has  confined  certain 
species  of  birds  and  animals  to  particular  localities,  and 
thereby  gives  a  poetic  or  picturesque  attraction  to  their 
features.  There  are  certain  flowers  that  cannot  be  culti- 
vated in  a  garden,  as  if  they  were  designed  for  the  exclu- 
sive adornment  of  those  secluded  arbors  which  the  spade 
and  the  plough  have  never  profaned.  Here  flowers  grow 
which  are  too  holy  for  culture,  and  birds  sing  whose 
voices  were  never  heard  in  the  cage  of  the  voluptuary, 
and  whose  tones  inspire  us  with  a  sense  of  freedom  known 
only  to  those  who  often  retire  from  the  world  to  live  in 
religious  communion  with  nature. 


THE  SWAMP- SPARROW. 

There  is  a  little  Sparrow  whose  notes  I  often  hear 
about  the  shores  of  unfrequented  ponds,  and  from  their 
untrodden  islets  covered  with  button-bush  and  sweet  gale, 
and  never  in  any  other  situations.  The  sound  of  his 
voice  always  enhances  the  sensation  of  rude  solitude  with 
which  I  look  upon  this  primitive  scenery.  We  often  see 
him  perched  upon  the  branch  of  a  dead  tree  that  stands 
in  the  water,  a  few  rods  from  the  shore,  apparently  watch- 
ing our  angling  operations  from  his  leafless  perch,  where 
he  sings  so  sweetly  that  the  very  desolation  of  the  scene 
borrows  a  charm  from  his  voice  that  renders  every  object 
delightful. 

This  little  solitary  warbler  is  the  Swamp-Sparrow. 
He  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  Song-Sparrow,  but  he  is 
without  that  bird's  charming  variety  of  modulation.  His 


92  BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST. 

notes  have  a  peculiar  liquid  tone,  and  sometimes  resemble 
the  rapid  dropping  of  water  by  the  single  drop  into  a 
wooden  cistern  which  is  half  full.  They  may  be  com- 
pared to  the  trilling  of  the  Hair-Bird,  a  kindred  species, 
less  rapidly  uttered,  and  upon  a  lower  key.  If  their 
notes  are  not  plaintive,  as  Nuttall  considered  them,  they 
produce  very  vividly  a  sensation  of  solitude,  that  tempts 
you  to  listen  long  and  patiently,  as  to  a  sweet  strain  in 
some  rude  ballad  music. 


THE   WOOD-SPARROW. 

When  the  flowers  of  early  summer  are  gone,  and  the 
graceful  neottia  is  seen  in  the  meadows,  extending  its  spi- 
ral clusters  among  the  nodding  grasses ;  when  the  purple 
orchis  is  glowing  in  the  wet  grounds,  and  the  roadsides 
are  gleaming  with  the  yellow  blossoms  of  the  hypericum, 
the  merry  voice  of  the  Bobolink  has  ceased  and  many 
other  familiar  birds  have  become  silent.  At  this  time, 
if  we  stroll  away  from  the  farm  and  the  orchard  into  more 
retired  and  wooded  haunts,  we  may  hear  at  all  hours 
and  at  frequent  intervals  the  pensive  and  melodious 
notes  of  the  Wood- Sparrow,  who  sings  as  if  he  were  de- 
lighted at  being  left  almost  alone  to  warble  and  complain 
to  the  benevolent  deities  of  the  grove.  He  who  in  his 
youth  has  made  frequent  visits  to  these  pleasant  and  sol- 
itary places,  among  the  thousands  of  beautiful  and  sweet- 
scented  flowers  that  spring  up  among  the  various  spicy 
and  fruit- bearing  shrubs  that  unite  to  form  a  genuine 
whortleberry-pasture,  —  he  only  knows  the  unspeakable 
delights  which  are  awakened  by  the  sweet,  simple  notes 
of  this  little  warbler. 

The  Wood-Sparrow  is  somewhat  smaller  than  a  Canary, 
with  a  pale  chestnut-colored  crown,  above  of  a  brownish 
hue,  and  dusky-white  beneath,  Though  he  does  not  seem 


BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST.  93 

to  be  a  shy  bird,  I  have  never  seen  him  in  our  gardens. 
The  inmates  of  solitary  cottages  alone  are  privileged  to 
hear  his  notes  from  their  windows.  He  loves  the  plains 
and  the  hillsides  which  are  half  covered  with  a  primitive 
growth  of  young  pines,  junipers,  cornels,  and  whortleberry- 
bushes,  and  lives  upon  the  seeds  of  grasses  and  wild  let- 
tuce, with  occasional  repasts  of  insects  and  fruits.  His 
notes  are  mellow  and  plaintive,  and,  though  often  pro- 
longed to  a  considerable  length,  seldom  consist  of  more 
than  one  strain.  He  begins  slowly  and  emphatically,  as 
if  repeating  the  syllable  de,  de,  de,  de,  any  number  of 
times,  increasing  in  rapidity,  and  at  the  same  time  sliding 
upward,  by  almost  imperceptible  gradations,  about  one  or 
two  tones  on  the  musical  scale. 

WOOD-SPARROW'S  SONG. 

Ijtrm  "9  ~m~m~mjjb-m-m^*~*-~*::?$*-*-?-  *-* 


.2  -m-m-^m-m-w-m-9-m-9~ii§»-9-9-  •-£?  -•! 

de  de  de  de  de  de  de  de  de  d     d     d    d    d    d     d    d    d  d  d  d 

In  the  latter  part  of  June,  when  this  bird  is  most  mu- 
sical, he  occasionally  varies  his  song,  by  uttering  a  few 
chirps  after  the  first  strain,  like  the  Canary,  then  recom- 
mencing it,  and  repeating  it  thus  perhaps  three  or  four 
times.  I  once  heard  a  Canary  that  repeated  this  reit- 
erated song  of  the  Wood-Sparrow,  and  it  seemed  to  me  to 
surpass  any  notes  I  had  ever  heard  before  from  this  sweet 
little  domesticated  songster. 


THE   GROUND-ROBIN   OR  CHEWTNK. 

While  listening  to  the  notes  of  the  Wood-Sparrow,  we 
are  constantly  saluted  by  the  agreeable,  though  less  musi- 
cal, notes  of  the  Ground-Eobin,  an  amusing  little  bird 
that  confines  himself  chiefly  to  the  edges  of  woods.  This 
bird  is  elegantly  spotted  with  white,  red,  and  black,  the 


4*. 


GROUND  ROBIN  OR  CHE  WINK 


BIRDS   OF    THE    PASTURE   AND    FOREST.  95 

female  being  of  a  bright  bay  color  where  the  male  is  red. 
Every  rambler  knows  him,  not  only  by  his  plumage  and 
his  peculiar  note,  but  also  by  his  singular  habit  of  lurking 
among  the  bushes,  appearing  and  disappearing  like  a 
squirrel,  and  watching  all  our  movements.  It  is  with 
difficulty  that  a  gunner  can  obtain  a  good  aim  at  him,  so 
rapidly  does  he  change  his  position  among  the  leaves  and 
branches.  In  these  motions  he  resembles  the  Wren. 
When  he  perceives  that  we  are  observing  him  he  pauses 
in  his  song,  and  utters  that  peculiar  note  of  complaint 
from  which  he  has  derived  the  name  Chewink.  The 
sound  is  more  like  chewee,  accenting  the  second  syllable. 

The  Chewink  is  a  very  constant  singer  during  four 
months  of  the  year,  from  the  first  of  May.  He  is  untir- 
ing in  his  lays,  seldom  resting  for  any  considerable  time 
from  morn  to  night,  being  never  weary  in  rain  or  in  sun- 
shine, or  at  noonday  in  the  hottest  weather  of  the  season. 
His  song  consists  of  two  long  notes,  the  first  about  a  third 
above  the  second,  and  the  last  part  made  up  of  several 
rapidly  uttered  liquid  notes,  about  one  tone  below  the 
first  note. 

SONG   OF   THE   CHEWINK. 


There  is  an  expression  of  great  cheerfulness  in  these 
notes,  though  they  are  not  delivered  with  much  enthusi- 
asm. But  music,  like  poetry,  must  be  somewhat  plaintive 
in  its  character  to  take  strong  hold  of  the  feelings.  I 
have  never  known  any  person  to  be  affected  by  these 
notes  as  many  are  by  those  of  the  Wood-Sparrow.  While 
employed  in  singing,  the  Chewink  is  usually  perched  on 
the  lower  branch  of  a  tree,  near  the  edge  of  a  wood,  or  on 
the  summit  of  a  tall  bush.  He  is  a  true  forest  bird,  and 


96  BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE    AND    FOREST. 

builds  his  nest  upon  the  ground  in  the  thickets  that  con- 
ceal tlie  boundaries  of  the  wood. 

The  note  of  the  Chewink  and  his  general  appearance 
and  habits  are  well  adapted  to  render  him  conspicuous, 
and  to  cause  him  to  be  known  and  remembered,  while  the 
Wood-Sparrow  and  the  Veery  might  remain  unobserved. 
Our  birds  are  like  our  "  men  of  genius."  As  in  the  lit- 
erary world  there  is  a  description  of  mental  qualities 
which,  though  of  a  high  order,  must  be  pointed  out  by  an 
observing  few  before  the  multitude  can  appreciate  them, 
so  the  sweetest  songsters  of  the  wood  are  unknown  to 
the  mass  of  the  community,  while  many  ordinary  per- 
formers, whose  talents  are  conspicuous,  are  universally 
known  and  admired. 


THE  REDSTART  AND  SPECKLED  CREEPER. 

As  we  advance  into  the  wood,  if  it  be  midday,  or  before 
the  decline  of  the  sun,  the  notes  of  two  small  birds  will  be 
sure  to  attract  our  attention.  The  notes  of  the  two  are  very 
similar  and  as  slender  and  fine  as  the  chirp  of  a  grass- 
hopper, being  distinguished  from  it  only  by  a  different 
and  more  pleasing  modulation.  These  birds  are  the  Red- 
start  and  the  Speckled  Creeper.  The  first  is  the  more 
rarely  seen.  It  is  a  bird  of  the  deep  forest,  and  shuns 
observation  by  hiding  itself  in  some  of  the  obscure  parts 
of  the  wood.  Samuels,  however,  has  known  a  nest  of  the 
Redstart  to  be  built  and  the  young  reared  in  a  garden,  and 
other  authors  consider  the  bird  more  familiar  than  shy. 
In  general  markings,  that  is,  as  we  view  the  bird  without 
particular  examination,  the  Redstart  is  like  the  Chewink, 
though  not  more  than  half  its  size.  It  lives  entirely  on 
insects,  darting  out  upon  them  from  its  perch  like  a  fly- 
catcher, and  searching  the  foliage  for  them  like  a  sylvian. 
Its  song  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Summer  Yellow-Bird,  so 


BIRDS    OF   THE    PASTURE   AND    FOREST.  97 

common  in  our  gardens  among  the  fruit-trees,  but  more 
shrill  and  i'eeble.  The  Creeper's  note  does  not  differ 
from  it  more  than  the  notes  of  different  individuals  of 
the  same  species. 

The  Speckled  Creeper  takes  its  name  from  its  habit 
of  creeping  like  a  Woodpecker  round  the  branches  of 
trees,  feeding  upon  the  insects  and  larvae  that  are  lodged 
in  the  crevices  of  the  bark.  It  often  leaves  the  wood 
and  diligently  manoeuvres  among  the  trees  in  our  gar- 
dens and  enclosures.  The  constant  activity  of  the  birds 
of  this  species  affords  proof  of  the  myriads  of  insects  that 
must  be  destroyed  by  them  in  the  course  of  one  season, 
and  which,  if  not  kept  in  check  by  these  and  other  small 
birds,  would,  by  their  multiplication,  render  the  earth 
uninhabitable  by  man. 


THE   OVEN-BIRD. 

While  listening  to  the  slender  notes  of  these  little  syl- 
vians,  hardly  audible  amidst  the  din  of  grasshoppers,  the 
rustling  of  leaves,  and  the  sighing  of  winds  among  the 
tall  oaken  boughs,  suddenly  the  space  resounds  with  a 
loud,  shrill  song,  like  the  sharpest  notes  of  the  Canary. 
The  little  warbler  that  startles  us  with  this  vociferous 
note  is  the  Golden-crowned  Thrush  or  Oven-Bird.  This 
bird  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to  the  woods,  and  is 
particularly  partial  to  noonday,  when  he  sings.  There  is 
no  melody  in  his  lay.  He  begins  rather  moderately,  in- 
creasing in  loudness  as  he  proceeds,  until  his  note  seems 
to  fill  the  whole  wood.  He  might  be  supposed  to  utter 
the  words  /  see,  I  see,  I  see,  I  see,  emphasizing  the  first 
word,  and  repeating  the  two  five  or  six  times,  growing 
louder  and  louder  with  each  repetition.  There  is  not  a 
bird  in  the  wood  that  equals  this  little  piper  in  the  energy 
with  which  he  delivers  his  brief  communication.  His 


*'•-'••*, 


OVEN-BIRD 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  99 

notes  are  associated  with  summer  noondays  in  the  deep 
woods,  and  when  bursting  upon  the  ear  in  the  silence  of 
noon,  they  disperse  all  melancholy  thoughts  as  if  by  en- 
chantment. 

Samuels  says  he  has  listened  to  the  song  of  this  bird 
at  all  hours  of  the  night,  in  the  mating  and  incubating 
season.  The  bird  seems  to  soar  into  the  air,  and  to  sing 

'  O 

while  hovering  in  a  slow  descent.  He  has  noticed  the 
same  habit  in  the  Maryland  Yellow-Throat.  Dr.  Brewer 
says  the  Oven-Bird  "  has  two  very  distinct  songs,  each  in 
its  way  remarkable."  I  have  noticed  that  many  species 
of  birds  are  addicted  occasionally  to  a  kind  of  soliloquiz- 
ing ;  warbling  in  a  low  tone,  not  very  audibly  and  appar- 
ently for  their  own  amusement.  It  is  seldom  that  these 
soliloquizing  notes  bear  any  resemblance  to  the  usual 
song  of  the  bird  ;  and  I  have  heard  them  from  the  Chicka- 
dee and  other  birds  that  have  no  song. 

The  oven-shaped  nest  of  this  bird  has  always  been  an 
object  of  curiosity.  It  is  placed  upon  the  ground  under 
a  knoll  of  moss,  or  a  tuft  of  weeds  and  bushes,  and  is  neatly 
woven  of  long  grass  and  fibrous  roots.  It  is  covered  with 
a  roof  of  the  same  materials,  and  a  round  opening  is  made 
at  the  side  for  entrance.  The  nest  is  so  ingeniously  cov- 
ered with  grass  and  assimilated  to  the  surface  around  it, 
that  it  is  not  easily  discovered.  But  it  is  said  that  the 
Cowbird  is  able  to  find  it,  and  uses  it  as  a  depository  for 
its  eggs. 

THE   GREEN   WARBLER. 

Those  who  are  accustomed  to  rambling  in  the  forest 
may  have  observed  that  pine  woods  are  remarkable  for 
certain  collections  of  mosses  which  have  cushioned  a  pro- 
jecting rock  or  the  decayed  stump  of  a  tree.  When 
weary  with  heat  and  exercise,  it  is  delightful  to  sit  down 
upon  one  of  these  green  velveted  couches  and  take  note 


100  BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST. 

of  the  objects  immediately  around  us.  We  are  then  pre- 
pared to  hear  the  least  sound  that  pervades  our  retreat. 
Some  of  the  sweetest  notes  ever  uttered  in  the  wood  are 
distinctly  heard  only  at  such  times ;  for  when  we  are 
passing  over  the  rustling  leaves,  the  noise  made  by  our 
progress  interferes  with  the  perfect  recognition  of  all 
delicate  sounds.  It  was  when  thus  reclining,  after  half 
a  day's  search  for  flowers,  under  the  grateful  shade  of  a 
pine-tree,  now  watching  the  white  clouds  that  sent  a 
brighter  daybeam  into  those  dark  recesses  as  they  passed 
luminously  overhead ;  then  noting  the  peculiar  mapping 
of  the  ground  underneath  the  wood,  diversified  with  mosses 
in  swelling  knolls,  little  islets  of  fern,  and  parterres  of 
ginsengs  and  Solomon's-seals,  I  was  first  greeted  by  the 
pensive  note  of  the  Green  Warbler,  as  he  seemed  to  utter 
in  supplicating  tones,  very  slowly  modulated,  Hear  me, 
St.  Theresa  !  This  strain,  as  I  have  observed  many  times 
since,  is  at  certain  hours  repeated  constantly  for  ten 
minutes  at  a  time ;  and  it  is  one  of  those  melodious 
sounds  that  seein  to  belong  exclusively  to  solitude. 

Though  these  notes  of  the  Green  Warbler  may  be 
familiar  to  all  who  are  accustomed  to  strolling  in  the 
wood,  the  bird  is  known  to  but  few  persons.  Some 
birds  of  this  species  are  constant  residents  during  summer 
in  the  woods  of  Eastern  Massachusetts,  but  the  greater 
number  retire  farther  north  in  the  breeding  season.  Nut- 
tall  remarks  of  the  Green  Warbler:  "His  simple,  rather 
drawling,  and  somewhat  plaintive  song,  uttered  at  short 
intervals,  resembles  the  syllables  te,  de,  deritsea,  pro- 
nounced pretty  loud  and  slow,  the  tones  proceeding  from 
high  to  low.  In  the  intervals,  he  was  particularly  busied 
in  catching  small  cynips  and  other  kinds  of  flies,  keeping 
up  a  smart  snapping  of  his  bill,  almost  similar  to  the 
noise  made  by  knocking  pebbles  together." 

There  is  a  plaintive  expression  in  this  musical  suppli- 


BIRDS   OF    THE    PASTURE    AND  .FOREST!  ' 


cation  that  is  apparent  to  all  who  hear  it,  no  less  than  if 
the  bird  were  truly  offering  prayers  to  some  tutelary  deity. 
It  is  difficult  to  determine  why  a  certain  combination 
of  sounds  should  affect  one  with  an  emotion  of  sadness, 
while  another,  under  the  same  circumstances,  produces 
a  feeling  of  joy.  This  is  a  part  of  the  philosophy  of 
music  which  has  not  been  explained. 

SONG   OF   THE   GREEX   WARBLER. 
Hear     me,  St.        The  -  re     -     sa. 


THE   MARYLAND   YELLOW-THROAT. 

As  we  leave  the  forest  and  emerge  into  the  open  pas- 
ture, we  hear  a  greater  number  of  birds  than  in  the  dark- 
ness of  the  wood.  More  sounds  are  awake  of  every 
description,  not  only  those  of  a  busy  neighboring  popu- 
lation, but  of  domestic  birds  and  quadrupeds.  On  the 
outside  of  the  wood,  if  the  ground  be  half  covered  with 
wild  shrubs,  you  will  hear  often  repeated  the  lively  song 
of  the  Maryland  Yellow-Throat.  Like  the  Summer  Yel- 
low-Bird, he  is  frequently  seen  among  the  willows  ;  but  he 
is  less  familiar,  and  seldom  visits  the  garden  or  pleasure- 
ground.  The  angler  is  startled  by  his  notes  on  the  rushy 
borders  of  a  pond,  and  the  botanist  listens  to  them  while 
peeping  into  some  woodland  hollow  or  bushy  ravine. 
Even  the  woodcutter  is  delighted  with  his  song,  when, 
sitting  upon  a  new-fallen  tree,  he  hears  the  little  bird 
from  a  near  cornel-bush,  saying,  /  see,  I  see  you,  I  see,  I 
see  you,  I  see,  I  see  you.  These  notes  are  not  unlike  those 
of  the  Brigadier,  and  are  both  lively  and  agreeable. 

In  its  plumage  the  Yellow-Throat  is  very  attractive. 
It  is  of  a  bright  olive-color  above,  with  a  yellow  throat 


N  0       B«  -  V  • 

' 

V 
,   i  ,.»»  *,o*»  »   t   ?   * 


MARYLAND  YELLOW  THROAT 


BIRDS.   OF    THE   PASTURE    AND    FOREST.  103 

and  breast,  and  a  black  band  extending  from  the  nostrils 
over  the  eye.  The  black  band  and  the  yellow  throat  are 
the  marks  by  which  the  bird  is  readily  identified.  From 
its  habits  of  perching  low,  frequenting  the  undergrowth 
near  the  edge  of  the  wood,  building  upon  the  ground,  and 
seldom  visiting  the  higher  branches  of  trees,  it  has  ob- 
tained the  name  of  Ground  Warbler. 


THE   SCARLET  TANAGER. 

When  I  was  about  seven  years  of  age  I  first  saw  the 
Scarlet  Tanager,  lying  dead  in  a  heap  of  birds  which  had 
been  shot  by  two  Spaniards,  who  were  my  father's  private 
pupils.  The  fine  plumage  of  this  bird  soon  attracted  my 
attention.  But  it  was  long  before  I  could  feel  reconciled 
to  this  slaughter,  though  delighted  with  the  opportunity 
of  examining  the  different  birds  in  the  heap.  Since  that 
time  I  have  often  found  the  Scarlet  Tanager  in  the  game- 
bags  of  young  sportsmen ;  but  I  have  seldom  seen  in  the 
woods  more  than  two  or  three  birds  of  this  species  in  any 
one  season. 

Low  grounds  and  oaken  woods  are  the  Tanager's  favor- 
ite habitats.  It  nestles  in  the  deep  forest,  and  builds  a 
loosely  constructed  nest  of  soft  grass  and  slender  brush, 
forming  a  shallow  basket  which  is  lodged  upon  some  hor- 
izontal bough  of  oak  or  pine.  This  bird,  however,  dis- 
plays no  skill  as  a  basket-maker,  hardly  surpassing  even 
the  Turtle-Dove  as  an  architect.  The  eggs  are  speckled 
on  a  ground  of  dull  pea-green.  The  male  Tanager  sings 
with  considerable  power  a  sort  of  interrupted  song,  modu- 
lated a  little  after  the  manner  of  the  Thrush.  Samuels 
kept  one  confined  six  months  in  a  cage,  and  in  a  week 
after  its  capture  it  submitted  quietly  to  its  confinement, 
and  became  tuneful.  He  compares  its  song  to  that  of  the 
Eobin,  mixed  with  some  ventriloquial  notes.  We  hear  this 
bird  in  the  deep  wood  more  frequently  than  outside  of  it. 


GOLDEN-WINGED  WOODPECKEK     (Flicker) 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND    FOREST.  105 

THE   FLICKER. 

We  are  all  familiar  with  the  notes  of  this  Woodpecker, 
that  resemble  the  call-notes  of  the  common  Robin,  but 
they  are  louder  and  more  prolonged.  Audubon  compares 
them  to  the  sounds  of  laughter  when  heard  at  a  distance. 
According  to  the  same  writer  the  males  woo  the  females 
very  much  after  the  manner  of  our  common  Doves.  They 
build  in  holes  in  trees,  but  you  never  see  them  climbing  a 
tree  like  other  Woodpeckers.  They  take  their  food  chiefly 
from  the  ground,  and  devour  great  quantities  of  ants. 

The  Flicker,  though  not  attractive  when  seen  at  a  dis- 
tance, is  found  to  have  very  beautiful  plumage  on  exami- 
nation. On  the  back  and  wings  it  is  chiefly  of  a  light 
brown,  with  black  bands  on  the  wing-feathers,  giving 
them  a  kind  of  speckled  appearance  ;  a  scarlet  crescent 
on  the  back  of  the  head,  and  a  similar  shaped  black  patch 
on  the  throat.  The  under  surface  of  the  wings  is  of  a 
golden  yellow.  Hence  it  is  sometimes  called  the  Golden- 
winged  Woodpecker.  Samuels  relates  that  if  the  eggs, 
which  are  of  .a  pure  white,  be  removed  from  the  nest 
while  the  bird  is  laying,  she  will  continue  to  lay  like  a 
common  hen.  He  has  known  this  experiment  to  be  tried 
until  the  bird  had  laid  eighteen  or  twenty  eggs,  though 
her  usual  number  is  but  six. 

THE   ROSE-BREASTED   GROSBEAK. 

We  must  pass  out  of  the  woods  again,  where  we  can 
bask  in  the  sunshine,  and  obtain  a  view  of  fields  and 
farms,  to  hear  the  voice  of  the  Eose-breasted  Grosbeak. 
This  bird  was  not  an  acquaintance  of  my  early  years. 
Certain  changes  of  climate  or  soil,  either  here  or  in  its 
former  habitats,  have  caused  it  to  be  a  regular  sojourner  in 
New  England  for  twenty  years  past,  and  the  species  arrive 
every  year  in  increased  numbers.  Formerly  their  residence 


RED-BREASTED  GROSBEAK 


BIRDS   OF   THE    PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  107 

was  chiefly  confined  to  the  Middle  States.  Now  we  may 
see  them  frequently  every  summer,  but  not  in  familiar 
places  or  in  those  which  are  very  solitary.  I  have  seen 
them  many  times  in  Medford  woods,  and  in  those  near 
Fresh  Pond  in  Cambridge,  and  in  Essex  County. 

The  first  time  I  heard  the  note  of  the  Grosbeak  I  mis- 
took it  for  the  song  of  the  Golden  Eobin,  prolonged, 
varied,  and  improved  in  an  unusual  degree.  I  soon,  how- 
ever, discovered  the  bird,  and  thought  his  lively  manners, 
no  less  than  his  brilliant  notes,  were  like  those  of  the 
Golden  Kobin.  His  song  is  greatly  superior  to  that  of  the 
Eedbird  or  Cardinal  Grosbeak,  which  is  only  a  repetition 
of  two  or  three  sweet  notes,  like  chc-hoo,  che-koo,  che-hoo, 
rapidly  delivered,  the  last  note  of  each  two  about  a  third 
lower  than  the  first.  In  the  South  he  is  joined  by  the 
Mocking-Bird,  which  all  day  tiresomely  repeats  these 
notes  of  the  Cardinal. 

The  Eose-breasted  Grosbeak  is  classed  among  our  noc- 
turnal songsters  by  those  who  are  familiar  with  its  habits. 
Samuels  has  heard  it  frequently  in  the  night,  and  says  of 
its  song  that  it  is  "  a  sweet  warble  with  various  emphatic 
passages,  and  sometimes  a  plaintive  strain  exceedingly 
tender  and  affecting."  This  description  seems  to  me  very 
beautiful  and  accurate.  Mr.  S.  P.  Fowler  thinks  this  bird 
is  not  heard  so  frequently  by  night  as  by  day,  though  it 
often  sings  in  the  light  of  the  moon.  The  moon,  indeed, 
seems  to  be  the  source  of  inspiration  to  all  nocturnal 
songsters.  Though  I  once  mistook  the  song  of  this  Gros- 
beak for  that  of  the  Golden  Eobin,  lately  I  have  thought 
it  more  like  the  native  song  of  the  Mocking-Bird,  and 
not  inferior  to  it  in  any  respect.  He  utters  but  few 
plaintive  notes.  They  are  mostly  cheerful,  melodious, 
and  exhilarating.  They  are  modulated  somewhat  like 
those  of  the  Purple  Finch,  delivered  more  loudly  and  with 
a  great  deal  more  precision. 


PLEA   FOE   THE   BIRDS. 

IN  the  beginning,  according  to  the  testimony  of  the 
"  Wisdom  of  Solomon,"  all  things  were  ordered  in  meas- 
ure, number,  and  weight.  The  universe  was  balanced 
according  to  a  law  of  harmony  no  less  wise  than  beau- 
tiful. There  was  no  deficiency  in  one  part  or  superfluity 
in  another.  As  time  was  divided  into  seasons  and  days 
and  years,  the  material  world  was  arranged  in  such  a 
manner  that  there  should  be  a  mutual  dependence  of  one 
kingdom  upon  another.  Nothing  was  created  without  a 
purpose,  and  all  living  things  were  supplied  with  such 
instincts  and  appetites  as  would  lead  them  to  assist  in 
the  great  work  of  progression.  The  kingdoms  of  nature 
must  ever  remain  thus  perfectly  adjusted,  except  for  the 
interference  of  man.  He  alone,  of  all  living  creatures, 
has  power  to  turn  the  operations  of  nature  out  of  their 
proper  course.  He  alone  is  able  to  transform  her  hills 
into  fortifications  and  to  degrade  her  rivers  to  commercial 
servitude.  Yet,  while  he  is  thus  employed  in  revolu- 
tionizing the  surface  of  the  earth,  he  might  still  work 
in  harmony  with  nature's  designs,  and  end  in  making  it 
more  beautiful  and  more  bountiful  than  in  its  pristine 
condition. 

In  the  wilderness  we  find  a  certain  adjustment  of  the 
various  tribes  of  plants,  birds,  insects,  and  quadrupeds, 
differing  widely  from  that  which  prevails  over  a  large 
extent  of  cultivated  territory.  In  the  latter,  new  tribes 
of  plants  are  introduced  by  art,  and  nature,  working  in 
harmony  with  man,  introduces  corresponding  tribes  of 


PLEA    FOR    THE    BIRDS.  109 

insects,  birds,  and  quadrupeds.  Man  may  with  impunity 
make  a  change  of  the  vegetable  productions,  if  he  but  al- 
lows a  certain  freedom  to  Nature  in  her  efforts  to  supply 
the  balance  which  he  has  disturbed.  While  man  is  em- 
ployed in  restocking  the  earth  with  trees  and  vegetables, 
Nature  endeavors  to  preserve  her  harmony  by  a  new  sup- 
ply of  birds  and  insects.  A  superabundance  of  either 
ini^ht  be  fatal  to  certain  tribes  of  plants.  I  believe  the 

O  •*- 

insect  races  to  be  as  needful  in  the  order  of  creation  as  any 
other  part  of  Nature's  works.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
that  innumerable  host  of  plants  denominated  weeds.  But 
while  man  is  endeavoring  to  keep  down  superfluities,  he 
may,  by  working  blindly,  cause  the  very  evil  he  designs 
to  prevent.  It  is  not  easy  to  check  the  multiplication  of 
weeds  arid  insects.  These,  in  spite  of  all  direct  efforts  to 
check  them,  will  increase  beyond  their  just  mean.  This 
calamity  would  not  happen  if  we  took  pains  to  preserve 
the  feathered  tribes,  which  are  the  natural  checks  to  the 
multiplication  of  insects  and  weeds.  Birds  are  easily 
destroyed  :  some  species,  indeed,  are  already  nearly  exter- 
minated ;  and  all  are  kept  down  to  such  a  limit  as  to 
bear  no  just  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  insects  that 
supply  them  with  food. 

Although  birds  are  great  favorites  with  man,  there  are 
no  animals,  if  we  except  the  vermin  that  infest  our  dwell- 
ings, that  suffer  such  unremitted  persecution.  They  are 
everywhere  destroyed,  either  for  the  table  or  for  the 
pleasure  of  the  chase.  As  soon  as  a  boy  can  shoulder  a 
gun,  he  goes  out,  day  after  day,  in  his  warfare  of  exter- 
mination against  the  feathered  race.  He  spares  the 
birds  at  no  season  and  in  no  situation.  While  thus 
employed,  he  is  encouraged  by  older  persons,  as  if  he 
were  ridding  the  earth  of  a  pest.  Thus  do  men  promote 
the  destruction  of  one  of  the  blessed  gifts  of  Nature. 

If  there  be  proof  that  any   race  of  animals  was  ere- 


110  PLEA    FOR    THE   BIRDS. 

ated  for  the  particular  benefit  of  mankind,  this  may  cer- 
tainly be  said  of  birds.  Men  in  general  are  not  apt  to 
consider  how  greatly  the  sum  of  human  happiness  is  in- 
creased by  certain  circumstances  of  which  they  take  but 
little  note.  There  are  not  many  who  are  in  the  habit  of 
going  out  of  their  way  or  pausing  often  from  their  labors 
to  hear  the  song  of  a  bird  or  to  examine  the  beauty  of  a 
flower.  Yet  the  most  indifferent  would  soon  experience 
a  painful  emotion  of  solitude,  were  the  feathered  race  to 
be  suddenly  annihilated,  or  were  vegetation  to  be  deprived 
of  everything  but  its  leaves  and  fruit.  Though  we  may 
be  accustomed  to  regard  these  things  as  insignificant  tri- 
fles, we  are  all  agreeably  affected  by  them.  Let  him 
who  thinks  he  despises  a  bird  or  a  flower  be  suddenly 
cast  ashore  upon  some  desert  island,  and  after  a  lonely 
residence  there  for  a  season,  let  one  of  our  familiar  birds 
greet  him  with  a  few  of  its  old  accustomed  notes,  or  a 
little  flower  peep  out  upon  him  with  the  same  look  which 
has  often  greeted  him  by  the  wayside  in  his  own  coun- 
try, and  how  gladly  would  he  confess  their  influence  upon 
his  mind ! 

But  there  is  a  great  deal  of  affectation  of  indifference 
toward  these  objects  that  is  not  real.  Children  are 
delighted  with  birds  and  flowers ;  women,  who  have  in 
general  more  culture  than  men,  are  no  less  delighted 
with  them.  It  is  a  common  weakness  of  men  who  are 
ambitious  to  seem  above  everything  that  pleases  women 
and  children  to  affect  to  despise  the  singing  of  a  bird  and 
the  beauty  of  a  flower.  But  even  those  who  affect  this 
indifference  are  not  wholly  deaf  or  blind.  They  are  merely 
ignorant  of  the  influence  upon  their  own  minds  of  some 
of  the  chief  sources  of  our  pleasures. 

It  is  not  entirely  on  account  of  their  song,  their  beauty, 
and  their  interesting  habits,  that  we  set  so  high  a  value 
upon  the  feathered  tribes.  They  are  important  in  the 


PLEA   FOR   THE   BIRDS.  Ill 

general  economy  of  Nature,  without  which  the  operation 
of  her  laws  would  be  disturbed,  and  the  parts  in  the 
general  harmony  would  be  incomplete.  As  the  annihila- 
tion of  a  planet  would  produce  disturbance  in  the  motions 
of  the  spheres,  and  throw  the  celestial  worlds  out  of  their 
balance,  so  would  the  destruction  of  any  species  of  birds 
create  confusion  among  terrestrial  things.  Birds  are  the 
chief  and  almost  the  only  instruments  employed  by  Na- 
ture for  checking  the  multiplication  of  insects  which  other- 
wise would  spread  devastation  over  the  whole  earth.  They 
are  always  busy  in  their  great  work,  emigrating  from 
place  to  place,  as  the  changes  of  the  seasons  cut  off  their 
supplies  in  one  country  and  raise  them  up  in  another. 
Some,  like  the  swallow  tribe,  seize  them  on  the  wing, 
sailing  along  the  air  with  the  velocity  of  the  winds,  and 
preserving  it  from  any  excess  of  the  minute  species  of 
atmospheric  insects.  Others,  like  the  creepers  and  wood- 
peckers, penetrate  into  the  wood  and  bark  of  trees,  and 
dislodge  the  larvae  before  they  emerge  into  the  open  air. 
Beside  these  birds  that  do  their  work  by  day,  there  are 
others,  like  the  whippoorwill  tribe,  that  keep  their  watch 
by  night,  and  check  the  multiplication  of  moths,  beetles, 
and  other  nocturnal  insects. 

Man  alone,  as  I  have  before  remarked,  can  seriously 
disturb  the  operations  of  Nature.  It  is  he  who  turns  the 
rivers  from  their  courses,  and  makes  the  little  gurgling 
streams  tributary  to  the  sluggish  canal.  He  destroys 
the  forests,  and  exterminates  the  birds  after  depriving 
them  of  their  homes.  But  the  insects,  whose  extreme 
minuteness  renders  them  unassailable  by  his  weapons, 
he  cannot  destroy,  and  Nature  allows  them  to  multiply 
and  become  a  scourge  to  him,  as  if  in  just  retribution 
for  his  cruelty  to  the  feathered  races  who  are  his  bene- 
factors. 


JULY. 

THE  month  of  balmy  breezes  and  interminable  ver- 
dure has  given  place  to  one  of  parching  heat  and  sun- 
shine, which  has  seared  the  verdant  brows  of  the  hills, 
and  driven  away  the  vernal  flowers  that  crowned  their 
summits.  They  have  fled  from  the  uplands  to  escape 
the  heat  and  drought,  and  have  sought  shelter  in  wet 
places  or  under  the  damp  shade  of  woods.  Many  of  the 
rivulets  that  gave  animation  to  the  prospect  in  the  spring 
are  now  marked  only  by  a  narrow  channel,  filled  with  a 
luxuriant  growth  of  herbs,  that  follow  its  winding  course 
along  the  plain ;  and  the  shallow  pools  that  watered  the 
early  cowslips  are  turned  into  meads  of  waving  herbage. 
Millions  of  bright  flowers  are  nodding  their  heads  over  the 
tall  grass,  but  we  scarcely  heed  them,  for  they  seem  like 
the  haughty  usurpers  of  the  reign  of  the  meeker  flowers 
of  spring.  The  cattle  have  taken  shelter  under  the  trees 
to  escape  the  hot  beams  of  the  sun,  and  many  may  be 
seen  standing  in  pools  or  the  margins  of  ponds  for  refresh- 
ment and  protection  from  insects.  All  animated  nature 
is  indulging  a  languid  repose,  and  the  feeble  gales  hardly 
shake  the  leaves  of  aspen-trees  as  they  pass  by  them, 
faint  and  exhausted  with  the  sultry  heats  of  July. 

As  June  was  the  month  of  music  and  flowers,  July  is 
the  harvest  month  of  the  early  fruits;  and,  though  the 
poet  might  prefer  the  former,  the  present  offers  the  most 
attractions  to  the  epicure.  Strawberries,  that  gem  the 
meads,  and  raspberry-bushes  that  embroider  the  stone- 
walls and  fences,  hang  out  their  ripe,  red  clusters  of  berries 


JULY.  113 

where  the  wild-rose  and  the  elder-flower  scent  the  air  with 
their  fragrance.  The  rocks  and  precipices,  so  lately  crowned 
with  flowers,  are  festooned  with  thimbleberries,  that  spring 
out  in  tufts  from  the  mossy  crevices  half  covered  with 
green,  umbrageous  ferns.  There  is  no  spot  so  barren  that 
it  is  not  covered  with  something  that  is  beautiful  to  the 
sight  or  grateful  to  the  sense.  The  little  pearly  flowers 
that  hung  in  profusion  from  the  low  blueberry-bushes, 
whose  beauty  and  fragrance  we  so  lately  admired,  are 
transformed  into  azure  fruits,  that  rival  the  flowers  in 
elegance.  Nature  would  convert  us  all  into  epicures  by 
changing  into  agreeable  fruits  those  beautiful  things  we 
contemplated  so  lately  with  a  tender  sentiment  allied  to 
that  of  love.  Summer  is  surely  the  season  of  epicurism, 
as  spring  is  that  of  the  luxury  of  sentiment.  Nature  has 
now  bountifully  provided  for  every  sense.  The  trees  that 
afford  a  pleasant  shade  are  surrounded  with  an  under- 
growth of  fruitful  shrubs,  and  the  winds  that  fan  the  brow 
are  laden  with  odors  gathered  from  beds  of  roses,  azaleas, 
and  honeysuckles.  Goldfinches  and  humming-birds  peep 
down  upon  us,  as  they  flit  among  the  branches  of  the 
trees,  and  butterflies  settle  upon  the  flowers  and  charm 
our  eyes  with  their  gorgeous  colors.  In  the  pastures  the 
red  lilies  have  appeared,  and  young  children  who  go  out 
into  the  fields  to  gather  these  simple  luxuries,  after  filling 
their  baskets  with  fruit,  crown  their  arms  with  bouquets 
of  lilies,  laurels,  and  honeysuckles,  rejoicing  over  their 
beauty  during  the  happiest,  as  it  is  the  most  simple  and 
natural,  period  of  their  lives. 

There  is  not  a  more  agreeable  recreation  at  the  present 
season  than  a  boat-excursion  upon  a  wood-skirted  pond, 
when  its  alluvial  borders  are  brightly  spangled  with  water- 
lilies,  and  the  air  is  full  of  delicate  incense  from  their 
sweet-scented  flowers.  The  plover  may  be  seen  gliding 
with  nimble  feet  upon  the  broad  leaves  that  float  on 


114  JULY. 

the  surface  of  the  waters,  so  lightly  as  hardly  to  impress 
a  dimple  on  the  glossy  sheen ;  and  multitudes  of  fishes 
are  gambolling  among  their  long  stems  in  the  clear  depths 
below.  Among  the  fragrant  white  lilies  are  interspersed 
the  more  curious  though  less  delicate  flowers  of  the  yel- 
low lily ;  and  in  clusters  here  and  there  upon  the  shore, 
where  the  turf  is  dank  and  tremulous,  the  purple  sarrace- 
nias  bow  their  heads  over  lands  that  have  never  felt  the 
plough.  The  alders  and  birches  cast  a  beautiful  shade 
upon  the  mirrored  border  of  the  lake,  the  birds  are  sing- 
ing melodiously  among  their  branches,  and  clusters  of 
ripe  raspberries  overhang  the  banks  as  we  sail  along  their 
shelvy  sides. 

But  we  listen  in  vain  on  our  rural  excursions  for  the 
songs  of  multitudes  of  birds  that  were  tuneful  a  few 
weeks  since.  The  chattering  bobolink,  merriest  bird  of 
June,  has  become  silent ;  he  will  soon  doff  his  black  coat 
and  yellow  epaulettes,  and  put  on  the  russet  garb  of  win- 
ter. His  voice  is  heard  no  more  in  concert  with  the  gen- 
eral anthern  of  Nature.  He  has  become  silent  with  all 
his  merry  kindred,  and,  instead  of  the  lively  notes  poured 
out  so  merrily  for  the  space  of  two  months,  we  hear  only 
a  plaintive  chirping,  as  the  birds  wander  about  the  fields 
in  scattered  parties,  no  longer  employed  in  the  cares  of 
wedded  life.  But  there  are  several  of  our  warblers  that 
still  remain  tuneful.  The  little  wood-sparrow  sings  more 
loudly  than  ever,  the  vireo  and  wren  still  enliven  the 
gardens,  and  the  hermit-thrush  daily  utters  his  liquid 
strains  from  his  deep  sylvan  retreat  upon  the  wooded 
hills. 

In  the  place  of  the  birds  myriads  of  chirping  insects 
pour  forth  during  the  heat  of  the  day  a  continual  din  of 
merry  voices.  Day  by  day  are  they  stringing  their  harps 
anew,  and  leading  out  a  fresh  host  of  musicians,  making 
ready  to  gladden  the  autumn  with  the  fulness  of  their 


JULY.  115 

\ 

songs.  At  intervals  during  the  hottest  of  the  weather, 
we  hear  the  peculiar  spinning  notes  of  the  harvest-fly,  a 
species  of  locust,  beginning  low  and  with  a  gradual  swell, 
increasing  in  loudness  for  a  few  seconds,  then  slowly 
dying  away  into  silence.  To  my  mind  these  sounds  are 
vivid  remembrancers  of  the  pleasures  and  languishment 
of  noonday,  of  cool  shades  apart  from  sultry  heats,  of  re- 
pose beneath  embowering  canopies  of  willows,  or  grate- 
ful repasts  of  fruits  in  the  summer  orchard. 

The  season  of  haymaking  has  arrived,  the  mowers  are 
busy  in  their  occupation,  and  the  whetting  of  the  scythe 
blends  harmoniously  with  the  sounds  of  animated  nature. 
The  air  is  filled  with  the  fragrance  of  new-mown  hay, 
the  dying  incense-offering  of  the  troops  of  flowers  that 
perish  beneath  the  fatal  scythe.  Many  are  the  delightful 
remembrances  connected  with  haymaking  to  those  who 
have  spent  their  youth  in  the  country.  In  moderate  sum- 
mer weather  there  is  no  more  delightful  occupation.  Every 
toil  is  pleasant  that  leads  us  into  green  fields  and  fills  the 
mind  with  the  cheerfulness  of  all  living  things. 

But  summer,  with  all  its  delightful  occasions  of  joy  and 
rejoicing,  is  in  one  respect  the  most  melancholy  season  of 
the  year.  We  are  now  the  constant  witnesses  of  some 
regretful  change  in  the  aspect  of  nature,  reminding  us  of 
the  fate  of  all  things  and  the  transitoriness  of  existence. 
Every  morning  sun  looks  down  upon  the  graves  of  whole 
tribes  of  flowers  that  were  but  yesterday  the  pride  and 
glory  of  the  fields.  Day  by  day  as  I  pursue  my  walks, 
while  rejoicing  at  the  discovery  of  some  new  and  beauti- 
ful visitant  of  the  meads,  I  am  suddenly  affected  with 
sorrow  upon  looking  around  in  vain  for  the  little  com- 
panion of  my  former  excursions,  now  drooping  arid  faded 
and  breathing  its  last  breath  of  fragrance  into  the  air. 

I  am  then  reminded  of  early  friends  who  are  no  longer 
with  the  living ;  who  were  cut  down,  one  by  one,  like  the 


116  JULY. 

flowers,  leaving  their  places  to  be  supplied  with  new 
friends,  perhaps  equally  lovely  and  worthy  of  our  affec- 
tions, but  whose  even  greater  loveliness  and  worth  will 
never  comfort  us  for  the  loss  of  those  who  have  departed. 
Like  flowers,  they  smiled  upon  us  for  a  brief  season,  and, 
like  flowers,  they  perished  after  remaining  with  us  but 
to  teach  us  how  to  love  and  how  to  mourn.  The  birds 
likewise  sojourn  with  us  only  long  enough  to  remind  us 
of  the  joy  of  their  presence  and  to  afford  us  an  occasion 
of  sorrow  when  they  leave  us.  We  have  hardly  grown 
familiar  with  their  songs  ere  they  become  silent  and  pre- 
pare for  their  annual  migration.  They  are  like  those 
agreeable  companions  among  our  friends  who  are  ever 
roaming  about  the  world  on  errands  of  duty  or  pleasure, 
and  who  only  divide  with  us  that  pleasant  intercourse 
which  they  share  with  other  friendly  circles  in  different 
parts  of  the  earth. 

It  is  now  midsummer.  Already  do  we  perceive  the 
lengthening  of  the  nights  and  the  shortening  of  the  sun's 
diurnal  orbit.  We  are  reminded  by  the  first  observation 
of  this  change  that  summer  is  rapidly  passing  away ;  and 
we  think  upon  it  with  a  painful  sense  of  the  mutability 
of  the  seasons.  But  let  us  not  lament  that  Nature  has 
ordained  these  alternations  ;  for  though  there  is  no  change 
that  does  not  bring  with  it  some  lingering  sorrows  over 
the  past,  yet  may  it  not  be  that  these  vicissitudes  are  the 
true  sources  of  that  happiness  which  we  attribute  only  to 
the  immediate  causes  of  pleasure?  Every  month,  while 
it  sadly  reminds  us  of  the  departed  joys  and  beauties  of 
the  last,  brings  with  it  a  recompense  in  bounties  and  bless- 
ings which  the  preceding  month  could  not  afford.  While 
rejoicing,  therefore,  amid  the  voluptuous  delights  of  sum- 
mer, we  will  not  regret  that  we  cannot  live  forever  among 
enervating  luxuries. 


BIRDS   OF  THE   PASTURE  AND   FOREST. 
II. 

THE   HERMIT-THRUSH. 

THE  bird  whose  song  I  describe  in  this  essay  has 
always  seemed  to  me  to  be  the  smallest  of  the  Thrushes. 
But  as  I  have  never  killed  any  bird  for  the  purpose 
of  learning  its  specific  characters,  I  ana  liable  to  be  mis- 
taken in  many  points  of  identification.  It  has  been 
my  habit  from  my  earliest  years,  whenever  I  heard  a 
note  that  was  new  and  striking,  to  watch  day  after  day, 
until  I  discovered  the  songster,  and,  having  always  had 
excellent  sight,  I  have  never  used  a  telescope.  The  bird 
whose  notes  I  describe  below,  when  I  have  seen  it  upon 
a  tree  or  upon  the  ground,  has  seemed  to  conform  more 
nearly  to  the  description  given  in  books  of  the  Hermit- 
Thrush,  both  in  size  and  color,  than  to  that  given  of  the 
Wood-Thrush. 

The  notes  of  this  bird  are  not  startling  or  readily  dis- 
tinguished. Some  dull  ears  might  not  hear  them,  unless 
their  attention  was  directed  to  the  sounds.  They  are 
loud,  liquid,  and  sonorous,  and  they  fail  to  attract  atten- 
tion only  on  account  of  the  long  pauses  between  the  dif- 
ferent strains.  We  must  link  all  these  strains  together 
to  enjoy  the  full  pleasure  they  are  capable  of  affording, 
though  any  single  one  alone  would  entitle  the  bird  to 
considerable  reputation  as  a  songster.  He  also  sings  as 
much  at  broad  noonday  as  at  any  other  time,  differing  in 
this  respect  from  the  Veery,  who  prefers  the  twilight  of 
morn  and  even.  In  another  important  respect  he  differs 


WOOD   THRUSH 


BIRDS    OF   THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST.  119 

from  the  Veery,  which  is  seldom  heard  except  in  swamps, 
while  the  Hermit  almost  invariably  occupies  high  and  dry 
woods. 

The  Hermit-Thrush  delights  in  a  shady  retreat ;  he  is 
indeed  a  true  anchorite ;  he  is  evidently  inspired  by  soli- 
tude, and  sings  no  less  in  gloomy  weather  than  in  sun- 
shine. Yet  I  think  he  is  no  lover  of  twilight,  though 
pleased  with  the  darkness  of  shady  woods ;  for  at  the 
time  when  the  Veery  is  most  musical,  he  is  generally 
silent.  He  is  remarkable,  also,  for  prolonging  his  musical 
season  to  near  the  end  of  summer.  Late  in  August,  when 
other  birds  have  become  silent,  he  is  almost  the  only 
songster  in  the  wood. 

The  song  of  the  Hermit  consists  of  several  different 
strains,  or  bars,  as  they  would  be  called  in  the  gamut.  I 
have  not  determined  the  exact  number,  but  I  am  confident 
there  are  seven  or  eight,  many  of  them  remarkable  for  the 
clearness  of  their  intonations.  After  each  strain  he  makes 
a  full  pause,  perhaps  not  more  than  three  or  four  seconds, 
and  the  listener  must  be  very  attentive,  or  he  will  lose 
many  of  the  notes.  I  think  the  effect  of  this  sylvan  mu- 
sic is  somewhat  diminished  by  the  pauses  or  rests.  It 
may  be  said,  however,  that  during  each  pause  our  suscep- 
tibility is  increased,  and  we  are  thus  prepared  to  be  more 
deeply  affected  by  the  next  notes.  Some  of  these  are 
full  and  sonorous,  like  the  sound  of  a  fife ;  others  lisping, 
and  somewhat  like  the  chink  made  by  shaking  a  few  thin 
metallic  plates  in  your  hand.  This  lisping  strain  always 
comes  regularly  m  its  course.  I  can  imagine  that  if  all 
these  different  strains  were  warbled  continuously,  they 
would  not  be  equalled  by  the  song  of  any  bird  with  which 
I  am  acquainted. 

Some  parts  of  Nuttall's  description  of  the  song  of  the 
Hermit,  if  it  be  identical  with  the  species  called  by  him 
the  Song-Thrush,  are  incorrect.  It  is  not  true  that  his 


120      BIRDS  OF  THE  PASTURE  AND  FOREST. 

different  strains  or  those  of  the  Wood-Thrush  "  finally 
blend  together  in  impressive  and  soothing  harmony,  be- 
coming more  mellow  and  sweet  at  every  repetition." 
Any  one  strain  never  follows  another,  without  a  full 
pause  between  them.  I  think  Nuttall  has  described  the 
song  of  the  Veery,  mistaking  it  for  a  part  of  that  of  the 
Song-Thrush.  One  of  the  enunciations  which  he  attrib- 
utes to  the  Song-Thrush  is  equally  remarkable  and  cor- 
rect. I  allude  to  "  the  sound  of  ai-ro-ee,  peculiarly  liquid, 
and  followed  by  a  trill."  The  song  invariably  begins 
with  a  clear  fife  sound,  as  too,  too,  tillere  illere,  rising 
from  the  first  about  three  musical  tones  to  the  second, 
and  making  the  third  and  fourth  words  rather  sharp  and 
shrill.  We  seldom,  however,  hear  more  than  one  low 
note  in  a  strain,  as  too,  tillere  illere  ;  afterwards,  beginning 
with  the  low  note  too,  follows  the  sound  of  ai-ro-ee,  like 
the  notes  of  the  common  chord.  The  fourth  bar  is  a  lisp- 
ing strain  resembling  the  sounds  made  by  shaking  thin 
metallic  plates  in  the  hand ;  the  fifth,  a  trilling  like  the 
notes  of  the  Veery,  —  tillillil,  tillillil,  tillilliL  There  are 
several  other  bars  consisting  of  a  slight  variation  of 
some  one  of  those  I  have  described.  I  have  not  been 
able  to  determine  the  order  in  which  the  several  strains 
succeed  one  another.  I  feel  confident,  however,  that  the 
bird  never  repeats  any  one  strain,  save  after  two  or  three 
others  have  intervened. 

The  Wood-Thrush  is  a  larger  bird  than  the  Hermit, 
more  common  in  our  woods,  having  a  similar  song,  con- 
taining fewer  strains,  delivered  with  less  precision  and 
moderation,  and  with  shorter  intervals  between  the  high 
and  the  low  notes.  In  their  general  habits  the  two  spe- 
cies differ  very  slightly. 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  121 


THE  VEERY,  OR  WILSON  S   THRUSH. 

The  Veery  is  perceptibly  larger  than  the  Hermit,  and  is 
marked  in  a  similar  manner,  save  that  the  back  has  more 
of  an  olive  tinge.  He  arrives  early  in  May,  and  is  first 
heard  to  sing  during  some  part  of  the  second  week  of  that 
month.  He  is  not  one  of  our  familiar  birds ;  and  unless 
we  live  in  close  proximity  to  a  wood  that  is  haunted  by  a 
stream,  we  seldom  hear  his  voice  from  our  doors  and  win- 
dows. He  sings  neither  in  the  orchard  nor  the  garden. 
He  shuns  the  town,  and  reserves  his  wild  notes  for  those 
who  live  in  cottages  by  the  woodside.  All  who  have 
once  become  familiar  with  his  song  await  his  arrival  with 
impatience,  and  take  note  of  his  silence  in  midsummer 
with  regret.  Though  his  song  has  not  the  compass  and 
variety  of  that  of  the  Hermit,  it  is  more  continuous  and 
delivered  with  more  fervor.  Until  this  little  bird  arrives, 
I  feel  as  an  audience  do  at  a  concert  before  the  chief 
singer  appears,  while  the  other  performers  are  vainly  en- 
deavoring to  soothe  them  by  their  inferior  attempts. 

The  Veery  is  more  shy  than  any  other  important  singing- 
bird  except  the  Hermit.  His  haunts  are  solitary  woods, 
usually  in  the  vicinity  of  a  pond  or  a  stream.  Here, 
especially  after  sunset,  he  warbles  his  few  brilliant  but 
plaintive  strains  with  a  peculiar  cadence,  and  fills  the 
whole  forest  with  music.  It  seems  as  if  the  echoes  were 
delighted  with  his  notes,  and  took  pleasure  in  passing 
them  round  with  multiplied  reverberations.  I  am  confi- 
dent that  this  little  warbler  refrains  from  singing  when 
others  are  vocal,  from  the  pleasure  he  feels  in  listening 
either  to  his  own  notes  or  to  the  melodious  responses 
which  others  of  his  own  kindred  repeat  in  different  parts 
of  the  wood.  Hence,  he  chooses  the  dusk  of  evening 
for  his  tuneful  hour,  when  the  little  chirping  birds  are 
silent,  that  their  voices  may  not  interrupt  his  chant. 


122  BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE   AND   FOREST. 

At  this  hour,  during  a  period  of  nine  or  ten  weeks,  he 
charms  the  evening  with  his  strains,  and  often  prolongs 
them  in  still  weather  until  after  dusk,  and  whispers  them 
sweetly  into  the  ear  of  Night. 

His  song,  though  loud  for  so  small  a  bird,  is  modulated 
with  such  a  sweet  and  flowing  cadence  that  it  comes  to 
the  ear  like  a  strain  from  some  elfin  source.  It  seems 
at  first  to  be  wanting  in  variety.  I  formerly  thought 
so,  while  at  the  same  time  I  was  puzzled  to  account  for 
its  enchanting  effect  on  the  mind  of  the  listener.  The 
same  remark  may  be  applied  to  the  human  voice.  I 
suppose  I  am  not  the  only  person  who  can  remember 
certain  female  voices,  which,  with  limited  compass  and 
execution,  do,  by  a  peculiar  native  modulation,  combined 
with  great  simplicity,  affect  the  listener  with  emotions 
such  as  no  prima  donna  could  produce.  Having  never 
heard  the  Nightingale,  I  can  draw  no  comparison  between 
that  bird  and  the  Veery.  But  neither  the  Mocking-Bird, 
nor  any  other  bird  in  our  woods,  utters  a  single  strain  to 
be  compared  in  sweetness  and  expression  to  the  five  bars 
of  the  simple  song  of  the  Veery. 

Were  we  to  attempt  to  perform  these  notes  upon  a 
musical  instrument,  we  should  fail  from  the  difficulty  of 
imitating  their  peculiar  trilling  and  the  liquid  ventrilo- 
quial  sounds  at  the  end  of  each  strain.  The  whole  is 
warbled  in  such  a  manner  as  to  produce  on  the  ear  the 
effect  of  harmony,  and  to  combine  in  a  remarkable  degree 
the  two  different  qualities  of  .brilliancy  and  plaintiveness. 
The  former  effect  is  produced  by  the  first  notes  of  each 
strain,  which  are  sudden  and  on  a  high  key  ;  the  second 
by  the  graceful  chromatic  slide  to  the  termination,  which 
is  inimitable  and  exceedingly  solemn.  I  have  sometimes 
imagined  that  a  part  of  the  delightful  influence  of  these 
notes  might  be  ascribed  to  the  cloistered  recesses  in  which 
they  are  delivered.  But  I  have  occasionally  heard  them 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  123 

while  the  bird  was  singing  from  a  tree  near  the  heart  of 
a  village,  when  they  were  equally  delightful  and  impres- 
sive. 

In  my  early  days,  when  I  was  at  school,  I  lived  near 
a  grove  that  was  vocal  with  these  Thrushes.  It  was  there 
I  learned  to  love  their  song  more  than  any  other  sound 
in  nature,  and  above  the  finest  strains  of  artificial  music. 
Since  then  I  have  seldom  failed  to  make  frequent  visits 
to  their  habitats,  to  listen  to  their  notes,  which  cause  full 
half  the  pleasure  I  derive  from  a  summer  evening  ramble. 

Dr.  Brewer  does  not  so  highly  estimate  the  song  of  the 
Veery,  but  Mr.  Eidgway  differs  from  him.  "  To  his  ear," 
says  Dr.  Brewer,  "  there  was  a  solemn  harmony  and  a 
beautiful  expression  which  combined  to  make  the  song 
of  this  bird  surpass  that  of  all  the  other  American  Wood- 
Thrushes."  I  have  found  the  nests  of  this  species  very 
near  the  ground,  also  upon  a  mound  of  grass  and  sticks, 
and  on  a  bush.  Their  eggs  are  of  a  greenish-blue. 


THE   CATBIRD. 

Fond  of  solitude,  but  not  averse  to  the  proximity  of 
human  dwellings,  if  the  primitiveness  of  some  of  the 
adjacent  wood  remains ;  avoiding  the  deep  forest  and  the 
open  pastures,  and  selecting  for  his  habitat  the  edge  of  a 
wooded  swamp,  or  a  fragment  of  forest  near  the  low 
grounds  of  a  cultivated  field,  the  Catbird  may  be  seen 
whisking  among  the  thickets,  often  uttering  his  complain- 
ing mew,  like  the  cry  of  a  kitten.  Still,  though  attached 
to  these  wet  and  retired  situations,  he  is  often  very  famil- 
iar, and  is  not  silenced  by  our  presence,  like  the  Veery. 
His  nest  of  dry  sticks  is  sometimes  woven  into  a  currant- 
bush  in  a  garden  that  adjoins  a  swamp,  and  his  quaint 
notes  may  be  heard,  as  if  totally  "unmindful  of  the  near- 
ness of  his  human  foe.  The  Catbird  is  not  an  invet- 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  125 

erate  singer.  He  seldom  makes  music  his  sole  employ- 
ment ;  though  at  any  hour  of  the  day,  from  dawn  till 
evening  twilight,  he  may  occasionally  be  heard  singing 
and  complaining. 

Thougli  I  have  been  all  my  life  familiar  with  the  notes 
and  manners  of  the  Catbird,  I  have  not  been  able  to 
discover  that  in  his  native  woods  he  is  a  mocker.  He 
seems  to  me  to  have  a  definite  song,  unlike  that  of  any 
other  songster,  except  the  Red-Thrush.  It  is  not  made 
up  from  the  notes  of  other  birds,  but  is  as  unique  and 
original  as  the  song  of  the  Robin  or  the  Linnet.  In  the 
song  of  any  bird  we  may  detect  occasional  strains  that 
resemble  those  of  some  other  species ;  but  the  Catbird 
gives  no  more  of  these  imitations  than  we  might  rea- 
sonably regard  as  accidental.  The  truth  is,  that  the 
Thrushes,  though  delightful  songsters,  have  inferior  pow- 
ers of  execution,  and  cannot  equal  the  Finches  in  learn- 
ing and  performing  the  notes  of  other  birds.  Even  the 
Mocking-Bird,  compared  with  many  other  species,  is  a 
very  imperfect  imitator  of  any  notes  which  are  rapid 
and  difficult  of  execution.  He  cannot  give  the  song  of 
the  Canary  ;  yet  I  have  heard  a  caged  Bobolink  do  this 
to  perfection. 

The  modulation  of  the  Catbird's  song  is  somewhat 
similar  to  that  of  the  Red-Thrush,  and  I  have  found  it 
sometimes  difficult  to  determine,  from  the  first  few  notes, 
whether  I  was  listening  to  the  one  or  the  other;  but  after 
a  moment  I  detected  one  of  those  quaint  utterances  that 
distinguish  the  notes  of  the  Catbird.  I  am  confident  that 
no  man  would  mistake  this  song  for  that  of  any  other 
species  except  the  Red-Thrush ;  and  in  this  case  his  mis- 
take would  soon  be  corrected  by  longer  listening.  The 
Red-Thrush  has  a  louder  and  fuller  intonation,  more  notes 
that  resemble  speech,  or  that  may  be  likened  to  it,  and 
some  fine  guttural  tones  which  the  other  never  utters, 


126  BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST. 

I  repeat  that  I  have  not  any  proof,  from  my  own  obser- 
vation, that  the  Catbird  is  a  mocker.  Dr.  Brewer  says, 
on  the  other  hand,  that  it  is  a  very  good  imitator  of  sim- 
ple notes  and  strains.  He  has  heard  it  give  excellent 
imitations  of  the  whistling  of  the  Quail,  the  clucking  of  a 
Hen,  the  notes  of  the  Pewee,  and  those  of  the  Ground- 
Robin,  repeating  them  with  such  exactness  as  to  deceive 
the  birds  that  were  imitated.  He  has  known  the  Catbird 
call  off  a  brood  of  young  chickens,  to  the  great  annoy- 
ance of  the  old  hen. 

The  Catbird  is  said  to  be  very  amusing  when  confined 
in  a  cage.  A  former  neighbor  of  mine,  who  has  reared 
many  birds  of  this  species  in  a  cage,  informed  me  that 
when  tamed  they  sing  better  than  in  their  native  woods. 
He  taught  them  not  only  to  imitate  the  notes  of  other 
birds,  but  to  sing  tunes.  This  is  an  important  fact ;  but 
we  must  confess  that  the  wild  birds  and  the  wild-flowers 
are  more  interesting  in  their  native  haunts  than  in  avi- 
aries or  conservatories.  Though  I  have  no  sensibility 
that  would  prevent  my  depriving  a  bird  of  its  freedom  by 
placing  it  in  a  comfortable  prison,  where  it  would  suffer 
neither  in  mind  nor  body,  I  should  not  keep  one  in  a 
cage  for  my  own  amusement,  caring  but  little  to  watch 
its  ways  except  in  a  state  of  freedom. 

The  mewing  note  of  the  Catbird,  from  which  his  name 
was  derived,  has  been  the  occasion  of  many  misfortunes 
to  his  species,  causing  them  to  share  that  contempt  which 
is  so  generally  felt  towards  the  feline  race ;  and  that  con- 
tempt has  been  followed  by  persecution.  The  Catbird 
has  always  been  proscribed  by  the  New  England  farmers, 
who  from  the  first  settlement  of  the  country  have  enter- 
tained a  prejudice  against  the  most  useful  of  our  birds, 
which  are  also  the  most  mischievous.  Even  the  Robin  has 
been  frequently  in  danger  of  proscription.  The  horticul- 
turists, who  seern  to  consider  their  cherries  and  strawber- 


BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST.  127 

ries  and  favorite  insipid  pears  of  more  importance  than 
the  whole  agricultural  crop  of  the  States,  have  made  sev- 
eral efforts  to  obtain  an  edict  of  outlawry  against  him. 
These  repeated  onslaughts  have  induced  the  friends  of  the 
Robin  to  exaniinerhis  claims  to  protection,  and  the  result 
of  their  investigations  is  demonstrative  proof  that  it  is 
one  of  the  most  useful  birds  in  existence.  The  Catbird 
and  all  the  Thrushes  are  similar  to  the  Robin  in  their 
habits  of  feeding,  but  are  not  sufficiently  numerous  to 
equal  it  in  the  extent  of  their  services. 

THE   RED-THRUSH. 

After  we  have  grown  tired  of  threading  our  way  through 
the  half-inundated  wood-paths  in  a  swamp  of  red-maple 
and  northern  cypress,  where  there  is  twilight  at  broad 
noonday,  and  where  the  only  sounds  we  hear  are  the 
occasional  sweet  notes  of  the  Veery,  now  and  then  a  few 
quaint  utterances  from  the  Catbird,  and  the  cawing  of 
Crows,  high  up  in  the  cedars,  we  emerge  into  the  upland 
under  the  bright  beams  of  noonday.  The  region  into 
which  we  enter  is  an  open  pasture  of  hill  and  dale,  more 
than  half  covered  with  wild  shrubbery,  and  displaying 
an  occasional  clump  of  trees.  There,  perched  upon  the 
middle  branch  of  some  tall  tree,  the  Red-Thrush,  the 
rhapsodist  of  the  woods,  may  be  heard  pouring  forth  his 
loud  and  varied  song,  often  continuing  it  without  cessation 
for  half  an  hour.  His  notes  do  not,  like  those  of  the 
Finches  and  many  other  birds,  have  a  beginning,  a  middle, 
a  turn,  and  a  close,  as  if  they  were  singing  the  words  of  a 
measured  hymn.  The  notes  of  the  Red- Thrush  are  more 
like  a  voluntary  for  the  organ,  in  which,  though  there  is  a 
frequent  repetition  of  certain  strains,  the  close  of  the  per- 
formance comes  not  after  a  measured  number  of  notes. 

The  Red-Thrush  has  many  habits  similar  to  those  of 


128  BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST. 

the  Catbird,  but  he  is  not  partial  to  low  grounds.  He 
prefers  the  dry  hill  and  upland,  and  those  places  which 
are  half  cleared,  and  seems  averse  to  deep  woods.  Still, 
though  less  of  a  hermit  than  the  Catbird,  he  is  also 
less  familiar.  He  dislikes  the  proximity  of  dwelling- 
houses,  and  courts  the  solitude  of  open  fields  and  dry 
hills  distant  from  the  town.  This  bird  probably  owes 
its  shyness  and  timidity  to  the  desperation  with  which 
the  species  have  been  hunted  by  men  who  are  unwilling 
that  the  birds  shall  take  any  pay  for  the  services  they 
perform ;  and  who,  to  save  a  dozen  cherries  from  a  bird, 
would  sacrifice  the  tree  to  mischievous  insects.  Modern 
civilized  society  bears  the  besom  of  a  devastation  greater 
than  the  world  has  yet  seen,  and  when  it  has  completed 
its  work,  and  destroyed  every  bird  and  animal  that  is 
capable  of  doing  any  service  -to  agriculture,  man  will 
perish  too,  and  the  whole  earth  become  a  combined 
Sahara  and  wilderness  of  Mount  Auburns. 

The  Bed-Thrush  builds  in  a  low  bush,  or  more  fre- 
quently upon  the  ground  under  a  bush.  I  think  he  sings 
at  some  distance  from  his  nest,  selecting  for  his  musical 
moments  the  branch  of  a  tree  that  projects  over  a  rustic 
roadside.  As  the  roadside  supplies  a  greater  abundance 
of  larvas  than  the  wild  pastures,  it  may  be  that  after  hav- 
ing taken  his  repast,  he  perches  near  the  place  where  he 
obtained  it.  He  is  not  partial  to  any  certain  hour  for 
singing,  but  is  most  musical  in  fine  and  bright  weather. 
I  can  always  hear  him  where  he  dwells  in  the  vocal 
season,  morning,  noon,  and  evening.  When  employed 
in  song,  he  makes  it  his  exclusive  occupation,  and  sings, 
though  moderately,  with  uninterrupted  fervor.  In  this 
respect  he  is  distinguished  above  almost  all  other  species. 
I  have  observed,  however,  that  if  he  be  disturbed  while 
singing,  he  immediately  becomes  silent  and  may  not 
renew  his  song  under  an  hour. 


BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST.  129 

The  Red-Thrush  is  considered  by  many  persons  the 
finest  songster  in  the  New  England  forest.  Nuttall  says 
"  he  is  inferior  only  to  the  Mocking-Bird  in  musical  tal- 
ent." I  dpubt  his  inferiority  except  as  a  mocker.  He  is 
superior  to  the  Mocking-Bird  in  variety,  and  is  surpassed 
by  him  only  in  the  sweeter  intonations  of  some  of  his 
notes.  But  no  person  grows  tired  of  listening  to  the  Red- 
Thrush,  who  constantly  varies  his  notes,  while  the  Mock- 
ing-Bird tires  us  with  his  repetitions,  which  are  often 
continued  to  a  ludicrous  extreme.  Perhaps  I  might  give 
the  palm  to  the  Mocking-Bird,  were  it  not  for  his  detesta- 
ble habit  of  imitation.  But  when  this  habit  is  considered, 
I  do,  without  hesitation,  place  the  Red-Thrush  above  him 
as  a  songster,  and  above  every  other  bird  with  whose 
notes  I  am  acquainted.  If  I  were  listening  to  a  melo- 
dramatic performance,  in  which  all  were  perfect  singers 
and  actors,  I  should  prefer  the  prima  donna  to  the  clown, 
even  if  the  clown  occasionally  gave  a  good  imitation  of 
her  voice. 

When  we  are-  in  a  thoughtful  mood,  the  song  of  the 
Veery  surpasses  all  others  in  tranquillizing  the  mind  and 
yielding  something  like  enchantment  to  our  thoughts.  At 
other  times,  when  strolling  in  a  whortleberry  pasture,  it 
seems  to  me  that  nothing  can  exceed  the  simple  melody 
of  the  Wood-Sparrow.  But  without  claiming  for  the 
Red-Thrush,  in  any  remarkable  degree,  the  plaintiveness 
that  distinguishes  these-  pensive  warblers,  his  song  in  the 
open  field  lias  a  charm  for  all  ears,  and  can  be  appreciated 
by  the  dullest  of  minds.  Without  singing  badly  he 
pleases  the  millions.  He  is  vocal  at  all  hours  of  the  day, 
and  when  thus  employed,  devotes  himself  entirely  to  song 
with  evident  enthusiasm. 

It  would  be  difficult,  either  by  word  or  by  musical  nota- 
tion, to  give  to  one  who  has  not  heard  the  song  of  the 
Red-Thrush  a  correct  idea  of  it.  This  bird  is  not  a  rapid 


130  BIRDS    OF    THE   PASTURE   AND    FOREST. 

singer.  His  performance  is  a  sort  of  recitative,  often  re- 
sembling spoken  words  rather  than  musical  notes,  many 
of  which  are  short  and  guttural.  He  seldom  whistles 
clearly,  like  the  Robin,  but  he  produces  a  charming  vari- 
ety of  tone  and  modulation.  Some  of  his  notes  are 
delivered  rapidly,  but  every  strain  is  followed  by  a  mo- 
mentary pause,  resembling  the  discourse  of  a  man  who 
speaks  fast,  but  hesitates  after  every  few  words.  He  is 
rapid,  but  not  voluble. 

An  ingenious  shoemaker,  named  Wallace,  whom  I  knew 
in  my  early  days,  and  who,  like  many  others  of  his  craft 
when  they  worked  alone  or  in  small  companies  in  their 
own  shops,  and  not  by  platoons  as  in  a  steam  factory,  was 
a  close  observer  of  nature  and  mankind,  gave  me  the 
following  words  as  those  repeated  by  the  Red-Thrush: 
"  Look  up,  look  up,  —  Glory  to  God,  glory  to  God,  — 
Hallelujah,  Amen,  Videlicet." 

Thoreau,  in  one  of  his  quaint  descriptions,  gives  an  off- 
hand sketch  of  the  bird,  which  I  will  quote :  "  Near  at 
hand,  upon  the  topmost  spray  of  a  birch,  sings  the  Brown - 
Thrasher,  or  Red  Mavis,  as  some  love  to  call  him,  —  all 
the  morning  glad  of  your  society  (or  rather  I  should  say 
of  your  lands),  that  would  find  out  another  farmer's  field 
if  yours  were  not  here.  While  you  are  planting  the  seed, 
he  cries,  'Drop  it,  drop  it,  —  cover  it  up,  cover  it  up, — 
pull  it  up,  pull  it  up,  pull  it  up.' " 

The  Red-Thrush  is  most  musical  in  the  early  part  of 
the  season,  or  in  the  month  succeeding  his  arrival  about  the 
middle  of  May ;  the  Veery  is  most  vocal  in  June,  and  the 
Song-Thrush  in  July.  The  Catbird  begins  early  and 
sings  late,  and  fills  out  with  his  quaint  notes  the  re- 
mainder of  the  singing  season,  after  the  others,  save  the 
Song-Thrush,  have  become  silent. 

9 


PROTECTION   OF   BIRDS. 

i 

THE  presence  of  birds  as  companions  of  a  home  in  the 
country  is  desirable  to  all,  next  to  woods,  flowers,  green 
fields,  and  pleasant  prospects.  Without  birds,  the  land- 
scape, if  not  wanting  in  beauty,  would  lack  something 
which  is  necessary  to  the  happiness  of  all  men  who  are 
above  a  savage  or  a  boor.  Indeed,  it  is  highly  probable 
that  Nature  owes  more  to  the  lively  motions,  songs,  and 
chattering  of  the  feathered  race  for  the  benign  effects  of 
her  charms,  than  to  any  other  single  accompaniment  of 
natural  scenery.  They  are  so  intimately  associated  with 
all  that  is  delightful  in  field  and  forest,  with  our  early 
walks  in  the  morning,  our  rest  at  noonday,  and  our  med- 
itations at  sunset;  with  the  trees  that  spread  their  branches 
over  our  heads,  and  the  lively  verdure  at  our  feet,  that  it 
is  difficult  to  think  of  one  apart  from  the  others.  Through 
the  voices  of  birds  Nature  may  be  said  to  speak  to  us,  and 
without  them  she  would  be  a  dumb  companion  whose 
beauty  would  hardly  be  felt. 

Both  from  our  regard  for  their  utility  to  agriculture 
and  for  their  pleasant  companionship  with  man,  we  have 
thousands  of  motives  for  protecting  the  birds.  Very  little 
attention  has  been  paid  to  this  subject.  A  few  laws  have 
been  made  for  their  preservation ;  but  they  have  seldom 
been  enforced.  I  believe  the  farmer  would  promote  his 
own  thrift  by  extending  a  watchful  care  over  all  fami- 
lies of  birds,  but  the  smaller  species  are  the  most  useful 
and  delightful.  It  seems  as  if  Nature  had  given  them 
beauty  of  plumage  and  endowed  them  with  song,  that 


132  PROTECTION   OF   BIRDS. 

man  by  their  attractions  might  be  induced  to  preserve  a 
race  of  creatures  so  valuable  to  his  interest. 

There  are  two  ways  of  preserving  the  birds :  we  may 
avoid  destroying  them,  and  we  may  promote  the  growth 
of  certain  trees,  shrubs,  and  plants  that  afford  them  shelter 
and  subsistence.  The  familiar  birds  that  live  in  our  gar- 
dens and  orchards  will  multiply  in  proportion  as  the  forests 
are  cleared  and  the  land  devoted  to  tillage,  if  the  clearing 
does  not  amount  to  baldness.  To  this  class  belong  many 
of  our  sparrows,  the  robin,  the  bobolink,  —  indeed,  all  our 
familiar  species.  The  solitary  birds  that  inhabit  the  pas- 
ture and  forest  would  probably  be  exterminated  by  the 
same  operations  that  would. increase  the  number  of  rob- 
ins and  sparrows.  It  is  no  less  necessary  to  keep  the 
birds  for  the  preservation  of  the  forests  than  to  keep 
the  forests  for  the  preservation  of  the  birds. 

To  insure  the  protection  of  all  species,  there  must  be 
a  certain  proportion  of  thicket  and  wildwood.  The  little 
wood-sparrow  seldom  frequents  our  villages,  unless  they 
are  closely  surrounded  by  woods.  Yet  this  bird  lives 
and  breeds  in  the  open  field.  He  frequents  the  pastures 
which  are  overgrown  with  wild  shrubbery  and  its  accom- 
paniment of  vines,  mosses,  and  ferns.  He  is  always  found 
in  the  whortleberry  field,  and  probably  makes  an  occasional 
repast  on  its  fruits  in  their  season.  He  builds  his  nest 
on  the  ground  or  on  a  mossy  knoll  protected  by  a  thicket. 
All  birds  are  attached  to  grounds  which  are  covered  with 
particular  kinds  of  plants  and  shrubbery  that  sustain  their 
favorite  insect  food.  If  we  destroy  this  kind  of  vegetation, 
we  drive  away  the  species  that  are  chiefly  attached  to 
it  from  our  vicinity,  to  seek  their  natural  habitats.  We 
may  thus  account  for  the  silence  that  pervades  the  local- 
ity of  many  admired  country-seats ;  for  with  regard  to 
the  wants  of  our  familiar  birds  it  is  often  that  trimming 
and  cultivation  are  carried  to  a  pernicious  extreme. 


PROTECTION   OF   BIRDS.  133 

There  will  be  no  danger  for  many  years  to  come  that 
our  lands  will  be  so  thoroughly  stripped  of  their  native 
growth  of  herbs,  trees,  and  shrubs  as  to  leave  the  birds 
without  their  natural  shelter  in  some  places.  The  danger 
that  awaits  them  is  that  they  may  be  driven  out  of  par- 
ticular localities,  and  the  inhabitants  thereby  deprived 
of  the  presence  of  many  interesting  songsters.  Wher- 
ever the  native  species  are  abundant,  we  find  a  consid- 
erable proportion  of  cultivated  land,  numerous  orchards, 
extensive  fields  of  grass  and  grain,  interspersed  with  frag- 
ments of  forest  or  wildwood,  well  provided  with  water- 
courses. Where  these  conditions  are  present,  the  famil- 
iar birds  will  be  numerous  if  they  are  not  destroyed.  If 
these  cultivated  lands  lie  in  the  vicinity  of  pastures 
abounding  in  thickets  and  wild  shrubbery,  fragments  of 
wood  and  their  indigenous  undergrowth,  we  may  then  hear 
occasionally  the  notes  of  the  solitary  birds,  many  of  which 
are  superior  in  song.  Wild  shrubbery  and  its  carpet  of 
vines  and  mosses  form  the  conditions  that  are  necessary 
for  the  preservation  of  these  less  familiar  species. 

The  shrubs  that  bear  fruit  are  the  most  useful  to  the 
birds,  especially  as  they  are  infested  by  more  insects  than 
other  kinds.  The  vaccinium,  the  viburnum,  the  cornel, 
the  elder,  the  celastrus,  and  the  small  cherries  are  abun- 
dant where  there  is  a  goodly  number  of  the  less  famil- 
iar birds.  If  we  clear  our  woods  of  their  undergrowth 
and  convert  them  into  .parks,  we  do  in  the  same  propor- 
tion diminish  the  numbers  of  many  species.  No  such 
clearing  as  this  is  favorable  to  any  of  the  feathered  race. 
But  the  clearing  and  cultivation  of  the  land  outside  of  the 
woods,  if  it  be  done  rudely,  leaving  -bushes  on  all  barren 
knolls  and  elevations,  is  beneficial  to  all  kinds  of  birds  by 
increasing  the  quantity  of /insect  food  in  the  soil.  A  nice 
man  at  the  head  of  a  farm  would  do  more  to  prevent  the 
multiplication  of  birds,  than  a  dozen  striplings  with  their 


134  PROTECTION   OF   BIRDS. 

guns.  The  removal  of  this  miscellaneous  undergrowth 
and  border  shrubbery  would  as  effectually  banish  the  red- 
thrush,  the  catbird,  and  the  smaller  thrushes,  as  we  should 
extirpate  the  squirrels  by  destroying  all  the  nut-bearing 
trees  and  shrubs. 

A  smooth-shaven  green  is  delightful  to  the  eye  at  all 
times ;  but  lawn  is  a  luxury  that  is  obtained  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  familiar  birds  that  nestle  upon  the  ground. 
The  song-sparrows  build  their  nests  in  the  most  fre- 
quented places,  if  they  are  not  liable  to  be  disturbed.  Not 
a  rod  from  our  dwelling-house  these  little  birds  may  have 
their  nests,  if  the  right  conditions  are  there.  They  are 
often  built  on  the  side  of  a  mound  overrun  by  blackberry- 
vines  and  wild  rose-bushes.  He  who  would  entice  them 
to  breed  in  his  enclosures  must  not,  for  the  preservation 
of  a  foolish  kind  of  neatness,  eradicate  the  native  shrubs 
ind  vines  as  useless  weeds. 

Clipped  hedge-rows,  which  have  been  recommended 
m  nurseries  of  birds,  are  checks  to  their  multiplication. 
A  hedge-row  cannot  be  "  properly "  maintained  without 
keeping  the  soil  about  its  roots  clear  of  grass  and  wild 
herbage,  which  are  needful  to  the  birds.  It  is  only  a 
neglected  hedge-row  that  is  useful  to  them,  or  a  sponta- 
neous growth  of  bushes  and  briers,  such  as  constitutes 
one  of  the  picturesque  attractions  of  a  New  England 
stone-wall.  We  seldom  see  one  that  is  not  covered  on 
each  side  with  roses,  brambles,  spirea,  viburnum,  and 
other  native  vines  and  shrubs,  so  that  in  some  of  our  open 
fields  the  stone-walls,  with  their  accompaniments,  are  the 
most  attractive  objects  in  the  landscape.  Along  their  bor- 
ders Nature  calls  out,  in  their  season,  the  anemone,  the 
violet,  the  cranesbill,  the  bellwort,  the  convolvulus,  and 
many  other  flowers  of  exceeding  beauty,  while  the  rest 
of  the  field  is  devoted  to  tillage. 

The  "  nice  man "  who  undertakes  farming  will  grudge 


PROTECTION    OF    BIRDS.  135 

Nature  this  narrow  strip  on  each  side  of  his  fences,  though 
she  never  fails  to  cover  it  with  beauty.  He  considers  it 
an  offence  against  neatness  and  order  to  allow  Nature  these 
simple  privileges,  and  employs  his  hired  men  to  keep 
down  every  plant  that  dares  to  peep  out  from  the  fence- 
border  without  a  license  from  the  owner.  Such  a  mis- 
cellaneous hedge-row  would  constitute  a  perfect  aviary 
of  singing-birds,  and  the  benefits  they  would  confer  upon 
the  farmer  by  ridding  his  lands  of  noxious  insects  would 
amply  compensate  him  for  the  space  left  unimproved. 
Then  might  we  hear  the  notes  of  the  wood-thrush  and 
the  red-mavis  in  the  very  centre  of  our  villages,  and 
hundreds  of  small  birds  of  different  species  would  cheer 
us  by  their  songs  where  at  present  only  a  solitary  indi- 
vidual is  to  be  heard. 

From  the  earliest  times  it  has  been  customary  to  en- 
courage the  multiplication  of  swallows  by  the  erection  of 
bird-houses  in  gardens  and  enclosures.  Even  the  Indians 
furnished  a  hospitable  retreat  for  the  purple  martin  by 
fixing  hollow  gourds  and  calabashes  upon  the  branches  of 
trees  near  their  cabins.  It  is  generally  believed  that  this 
active  little  bird  is  capable  of  driving  away  hawks  and 
crows  from  its  vicinity  by  repeated  annoyances.  The 
custom  of  supplying  martins  with  a  shelter  has  of  late 
grown  into  disuse.  The  wren  and  the  bluebird  may  be 
encouraged  by  similar  accommodations.  But  as  these 
two  species  are  not  social  in  their  habits  of  building,  like 
the  martin,  a  separate  box  must  be  supplied  for  each 
pair  of  birds.  The  wren  is  an  indefatigable  destroyer  of 
insects  and  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  our  familiar 
songsters.  The  bluebird,  which  is  not  less  familiar,  is 
delighted  with  the  hollow  branch  of  an  old  tree  in  an 
orchard,  but  is  equally  well  satisfied  with  a  box. 


AUGUST. 

THE  plains  and  uplands  are  green  with  a  second  growth 
of  vegetation,  and  nature  is  rapidly  repairing  the  devas- 
tation committed  by  the  scythe  of  the  mower.  But  the 
work  of  the  haymaker  is  not  completed.  He  is  still 
swinging  his  scythe  among  the  tall  sedge-grasses  in  the 
lowlands ;  and  the  ill-fated  flowers  of  August  may  be 
seen  lying  upon  the  greensward  among  the  prostrate 
herbage.  The  work  of  the  reapers  is  also  begun,  and 
the  sheaves  of  wheat  and  rye  display  their  wavy  rows 
to  gladden  and  bless  the  husbandman.  Flocks  of  quails, 
reared  since  the  opening  of  the  spring  flowers,  are  dili- 
gent among  the  fields,  after  the  reapers  have  left  their 
tasks.  They  may  be  seen  slyly  and  silently  creeping 
along  the  ground,  and  now  and  then  lifting  their  timid 
heads  as  if  jealous  of  our  approach.  The  loud  whistling 
of  the  guardian  of  the  flock,  perched  at  a  short  distance 
upon  a  wall,  may  also  be  heard,  and  as  we  saunter  care- 
lessly along  the  field-path,  a  brood  of  partridges,  rising 
suddenly  almost  from  under  our  feet,  will  often  astound 
our  ears  with  their  loud  whirring  flight. 

Since  the  fading  of  the  roses,  the  birds  have  generally 
become  silent,  as  if  the  presence  of  these  flowers  were 
necessary  to  inspire  them  with  song.  They  have  grown 
timid  and  have  forsaken  their  usual  habits,  no  longer 
warbling  at  the  season's  feast  or  rejoicing  in  the  heyday 
of 'love.  They  fly  no  longer  in  pairs,  but  assemble  in 
flocks,  which  may  be  seen  rising  and  settling  over  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  landscape.  Some  species  are  irregularly 


AUGUST.  1^< 

scattered,  while  others  gather  into  multitudinous  flocks, 
and  seem  to  be  enjoying  a  long  holiday  of  festivities, 
while  preparing  to  le,ave  their  native  fields.  Their  songs, 
lasting  only  during  the  period  of  love,  are  discontinued 
since  it  is  past,  and  their  young  are  no  longer  awaiting 
their  care.  On  every  new  excursion  into  the  fields  I 
perceive  the  sudden  absence  of  some  important  woodland 
melodist.  During  the  interval  between  midsummer  and 
early  autumn  one  -voice  after  another  drops  away,  until 
the  little  song-sparrow  is  left  again  to  warble  alone  in  the 
fields  and  gardens,  where  he  sang  the  earliest  hymn  of 
rejoicing  over  the  departure  of  winter. 

Since  the  birds  have  become  silent,  they  have  lost  their 
pleasant  familiarity  with  man,  and  have  acquired  an 
unwonted  shyness.  The  warblers  that  were  wont  to  sing 
on  the  boughs  just  over  our  heads,  or  at  a  short  distance 
from  our  path,  now  keep  at  a  timid  distance,  chirping 
with  a  complaining  voice,  and  flee  at  our  approach,  before 
we  are  near  enough  to  observe  their  altered  plumage. 
The  plovers  have  come  forth  from  the  places  where  they 
reared  their  young  and  congregate  in  large  flocks  upon 
the  marshes ;  and  as  we  stroll  along  the  sea-shore,  we  are 
often  agreeably  startled  by  the  sudden  twittering  flight 
of  these  graceful  birds,  aroused  from  their  haunts  by  our 
unexpected  intrusion. 

It  is  now  almost  impossible  for  the  rambler  to  pene- 
trate some  of  his  old  accustomed  paths  in  the  lowlands, 
so  thickly  are  they  interwoven  with  vines  and  trailing 
herbs.  Several  species  of  cleavers  with  their  slender 
prickly  branches  form  a  close  network  among  the  ferns 
and  rushes  ;  and  the  smilax  and  blackberry  vines  weave 
an  almost  impenetrable  thicket  in  our  ancient  pathway. 
The  fences  are  festooned  with  the  blue  flowers  of  the 
woody  nightshade  and  the  more  graceful  plants  of  the 
glycine  are  twining  among  the  faded  flowers  of  the  elder 


138  AUGUST. 

and  viburnum.  The  lowlands  were  never  more  delightful 
than  at  the  present  time,  affording  many  a  pleasant  arbor 
beneath  the  shrubbery,  where  the  waters  have  dried  away 
and  left  the  greensward  as  sweetly  scented  as  a  bower 
of  honeysuckles.  In  these  places  are  we  tempted  to 
linger  for  refreshment  on  summer  noondays,  —  bowers 
where  it  is  delightful  to  repose  beneath  the  shade  of  slen- 
der birches  whose  tremulous  foliage  seems  to  whisper  to 
us  some  pleasant  messages  of  peace.  All  around  us  the 
convolvulus  has  trailed  its  delicate  vines,  and  hung  out 
its  pink  and  striped  bell-flowers;  and  the  clematis  has 
formed  an  umbrageous  trellis-work  over  the  tops  of  the 
trees.  Its  white  clustering  blossoms  spread  themselves 
out  in  triumph  above  the  clambering  grape-vines,  form- 
ing deep  shades  which  the  sun  cannot  penetrate,  over- 
hanging and  overarching  the  green  paths  that  lead  through 
the  lowland  thickets. 

When  the  pale  orchis  of  the  meads  is  dead,  and  the  red 
lily  stands  divested  of  its  crown ;  when  the  arethusa  no 
longer  bends  its  head  over  the  stream,  and  the  later  vio- 
lets are  weeping  incense  over  the  faded  remnants  of  their 
lovely  tribe,  then  I  know  that  the  glory  of  summer  has 
departed,  and  I  look  not  until  the  coming  of  the  asters 
and  the  goldenrods  to  see  the  fields  again  robed  in  beauty. 
The  meeker  flowers  have  perished  since  the  singing-birds 
have  discontinued  their  songs,  and  the  last  rose  of  summer 
may  be  seen  in  solitary  and  melancholy  beauty,  —  the 
lively  emblem  of  the  sure  decline  of  all  the  beautiful  ob- 
jects of  this  life,  the  lovely  symbol  of  beauty's  frailty  and 
its  transientness.  When  the  last  rose  is  gone,  I  look 
around  with  sadness  upon  its  late  familiar  haunts  ;  I  feel 
that  summer's  beauty  now  is  past,  and  sad  mementos 
rise  where'er  I  tread. 

It  is  my  delight  to  seek  these  last-born  of  the  roses, 
and  to  my  sight  they  are  more  beautiful  than  any  that 


AUGUST.  139 

preceded  them,  as  if  Nature,  like  a  partial  mother,  had 
lavished  her  best  gifts  upon  these  her  youngest  children. 
The  bushes  that  support  them  are  overtopped  by  other 
plants,  that  seem  to  feel  an  envious  delight  in  concealing 
them  from  observation,  but  they  cannot  blot  them  from 
our  memory,  nor  be  admired  as  we  admire  them.  The 
clethra  with  its  white  odoriferous  flowers,  and  the  button- 
bush  with  its  elegant  globular  heads,  strive  vainly  to  equal 
them  in  fragrance  or  beauty.  The  proud  and  scornful 
thistle  rears  its  head  close  by  their  side,  and  seems  to 
mock  at  the  fragility  of  these  lovely  flowers ;  but  the  wild 
briar,  though  its  roses  have  faded,  still  gives  out  its  undy- 
ing perfume,  as  if  the  essence  of  the  withered  flowers 
lingered  about  their  former  leafy  habitation,  like  spirits 
about  the  places  they  loved  in  their  lifetime. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  month  we  begin  to  mark  the 
approaching  footsteps  of  autumn.  Twilight  is  chill,  and 
we  perceive  the  greater  length  of  the  nights  and  evening's 
earlier  dew.  The  morning  sun  is  later  in  the  heavens, 
and  sooner  tints  the  fleecy  clouds  of  evening.  The  bright 
verdure  of  the  trees  has  faded  to  a  more  dusky  green  ; 
and  here  and  there  in  different  parts  of  the  woods  may  be 
found  a  sere  and  yellow  leaf,  like  the  white  hairs  that  are 
interspersed  among  the  dark-brown  tresses  of  manhood, 
that  indicate  the  sure  advance  of  hoary  years.  The  fields 
of  ripe  and  yellow  grain  gleam  'through  the  open  places  in 
the  woods,  making  a  pleasant  contrast  with  their  green- 
ness, displaying  in  the  same  instant  the  signs  of  a  cheer- 
ful harvest  and  the  melancholy  decay  of  vegetation. 
The  swallows  assemble  their  little  hosts  upon  the  roofs 
and  fences,  preparing  for  their  annual  migration,  and  all 
things  announce  the  speedy  decline  nf  summer. 


BIEDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST. 
III. 

THE   CUCKOO. 

OUR  native  Cuckoos  have  not  tlie  free-love  instinct  of 
the  European  Cuckoo ;  and  Dames  Barrington  would 
have  been  delighted  to  quote  their  good  parental  habits 
as  an  argument  in  his  special  plea  for  the  European  bird, 
whom  he  considered  the  victim  of  slander.  The  Cow- 
bird  is  our  Cuckoo  in  the  moral  acceptation  of  the  term. 
The  American  Cuckoo  is  attached  to  its  offspring  in  a 
remarkable  degree,  and  rears  them  with  all  the  fidelity 
of  the  most  devoted  parents.  In  my  boyhood,  the  two 
severest  fights  I  had  with  birds  on  approaching  their  nests 
were  once  when  I  examined  the  nest  of  a  Bluejay,  and 
again  when  I  examined  one  belonging  to  a  Cuckoo.  The 
young  Cuckoos  were  equally  savage  when  I  attempted  to 
handle  them.  Yet  this  bird  bears  the  reputation  of  cow- 
ardice. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  American  Cuckoo,  though  a 
faithful  and  devoted  parent,  should  have  certain  peculiar 
habits  connected  with  laying  and  hatching,  that  bear 
some  evidence  that  the  European  and  American  species 
have  a  common  derivation.  The  habit  of  the  European 
bird  of  dropping  its  eggs  into  other  birds'  nests  is  proba- 
bly connected  with  continued  laying,  extended  to  a  greater 
length  of  time  than  with  other  birds.  The  same  fertil- 
ity has  been  observed  in  the  American  Cuckoos.  Mr. 
Audubon  mentions  the  peculiar  habit  of  these  birds  of 
laying  fresh  eggs  and  hatching  them  successively.  Thus 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  141 

it  would  seem  that  the  last-laid  eggs  were  hatched  by 
the  involuntary  brooding  of  the  young  which  had  not 
left  the  nest.  Dr.  Brewer  has  "repeatedly  found  in  a 
nest  three  young  and  two  eggs,  one  of  the  latter  nearly 
fresh,  one  with  the  embryo  half  developed,  while  of  the 
young  birds,  one  would  be  just  out  of  the  shell,  one  half 
fledged,  and  one  just  ready  to  fly.  Subsequent  obser- 
vations in  successive  seasons  led  to  the  conviction  that 
both  the  Yellow-billed  and  the  Black-billed  Cuckoo  share 
in  these  peculiarities,  and  that  it  is  a  general  but  not 
universal  practice." 

Dr.  Brewer  mentions  an  interesting  fact  that  evinces 
the  strong  attachment  of  the  Cuckoo  to  its  offspring. 
Speaking  of  the  Black-billed  Cuckoo,  he  says:  "Both 
parents  are  assiduous  in  the  duties  of  incubation  and  in 
supplying  food  to  each  other  and  their  offspring.  In  one 
instance  where  the  female  had  been  shot  by  a  thoughtless 
boy,  as  she  flew  from  the  nest,  the  male  bird  successfully 
devoted  himself  to  the  solitary  duty  of  rearing  the  brood 
of  five.  At  the  time  of  the  death  of  the  female,  the  nest 
contained  two  eggs  and  three  young  birds.  The  writer 
was  present  when  the  bird  was  shot,  and  was  unable  to 
interfere  in  season  to  prevent  it.  Eeturning  to  the  spot 
not  long  afterwards,  he  found  the  widowed  male  sitting 
upon  the  nest,  and  so  unwilling  to  leave  it  as  almost  to 
permit  himself  to  be  captured  by  the  hand.  His  fidelity 
and  his  entreaties  were  not  disregarded.  This  nest,  eggs, 
and  young  were  left  undisturbed ;  and  as  they  were  visited 
from  time  to  time,  the  young  nestlings  were  found  to 
thrive  under  his  vigilant  care.  The  eggs  were  hatched 
out,  and  in  time  the  whole  five  were  reared  in  safety." 

The  Cuckoo  is  an  early  visitor.  His  voice  is  often 
heard  before  the  first  of  May,  proclaiming  that  "  the  spring 
is  coming  in,"  like  his  congener  in  England,  who '  has 
always  been  regarded  as  the  harbinger  of  that  season. 


142  BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST. 

His  note  is  not  strictly  musical,  yet  we  all  listen  to  the 
first  sound  of  his  voice  with  as  much  pleasure  as  to  that 
of  the  Bluebird  or  Song-Sparrow.  I  have  not  met  a  per- 
son who  was  not  delighted  to  hear  it.  It  may  be  called, 
figuratively,  one  of  the  picturesque  sounds  in  Nature,  re- 
minding us  of  the  resurrection  of  the  long-hidden  charms 
of  the  season.  The  Cuckoo  is  swift  in  his  flight,  which 
resembles  that  of  a  Dove  so  much  that  I  have  often  mis- 
taken them.  In  plumage  and  general  shape  this  bird  is 
like  the  Red-Thrush,  with  some  mixture  of  olive. 


THE   COWBIRD. 

Young  nest-hunters,  who  are  persistent  in  their  enter- 
prises, and  who  pursue  their  occupation  partly  from  ra- 
tional curiosity  and  not  from  mere  wantonness,  are  often 
surprised  on  finding  in  the  nest  of  some  small  bird  a  sin- 
gle egg  larger  than  others  in  the  same  nest.  In  my  own 
days  of  academic  truancy,  I  found  this  superfluous  egg 
most  frequently  in  Sparrows'  nests.  It  was  not  until  I 
had  made  a  large  collection  of  eggs  that  I  discovered  the 
parentage  of  the  odd  ones.  These  eggs  were  generally 
speckled ;  but  I  occasionally  found  a  large  bluish  egg 
among  others  of  the  same  color,  and  supposed  they  must 
contain  two  yolks,  save  that  birds  in  a  wild  state  seldom 
produce  such  monstrosities.  Can  it  be  that  the  Ameri- 
can Cuckoo  occasionally  follows  the  instincts  of  his  Euro- 
pean congener  ?  In  each  case  I  considered  the  spurious 
eggs  as  lawful  plunder,  since  they  were  an  imposition 
practised  upon  the  owner  of  the  nest  either  by  some 
unknown  bird  or  by  the  Cowrbird,  a  member  of  a  family 
which  are  too  aristocratic  to  rear  their  own  offspring. 
But  as  a  politician  of  the  speculative  class  I  feel  a 
peculiar  interest  in  the  Cowbird,  as  affording  me  an  op- 
portunity of  understanding  the  system  of  free  love,  as 
exemplified  in  the  habits  of  this  species, 


BIRDS   OF   VHE  PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  143 

The  Cowbird  has  no  song.  Nature  seldom  furnishes 
any  creature  with  an  instinct  which  would  be  of  no  ser- 
vice to  the  species.  What  occasion  has  the  Cowbird  for 
a  song,  —  a  bird  that  neither  wooes  nor  marries,  —  a  bird 
that  would  not  sing  lullabies  to  its  own  young ;  that 
cares  no  more  for  one  female  than  for  another,  and  whose 
indifference  is  perfectly  reciprocated  ?  As  well  might  a 
poet  write  Petrarchian  sonnets  who  was  never  in  love ;  or 
a  practical  plodder  write  amatory  songs,  who  asks  the 
members  of  a  church  whom  he  shall  marry.  There  is 
nothing  romantic  in  this  bird's  character.  His  love  is  a 
mere  gravitation.  Nature,  despising  his  habits,  has  not 
even  arrayed  him  in  attractive  plumage ;  for  why  should 
he  have  beauty  when  his  whole  species  are  without  the 
sentiment  that  could  appreciate  it  ?  The  Cowbirds  are 
the  free-love  party  among  the  feathered  tribes,  —  the 
party  also  of  communism,  who  would  leave  their  off- 
spring in  others'  hands,  that  they  may  have  leisure  for 
aesthetic  culture. 

"  This  species,". says  Dr.  Brewer,  "  is  at  all  times  grega- 
rious and  polygamous,  never  mating  and  never  exhibiting 
any  signs  of  either  conjugal  or  parental  affection.  Like 
the  Cuckoos  of  Europe,  our  Cow-Blackbird  never  con- 
structs a  nest  of  her  own,  and  never  hatches  out  or  at- 
tempts to  rear  hei  own  offspring,  but  imposes  her  eggs 
upon  other  birds ;  and  most  of  them,  either  unconscious 
of  the  imposition  or  unable  to  rid  themselves  of  the  alien, 
sit  upon  and  hatch  the  stranger,  and  in  so  doing  virtually 
destroy  their  own  offspring ;  for  the  eggs  of  the  Cowbird 
are  the  first  hatched,  usually  two  days  before  the  others. 
The  nursling  is  much  larger  in  size,  filling  up  a  large 
portion  of  the  nest,  and  is  insatiable  in  appetite,  always 
clamoring  to  be  fed,  and  receiving  by  far  the  larger  share 
of  the  food  brought  to  her  nest ;  its  foster  companions, 
either  starved  or  stifled,  soon  die,  and  their  dead  bodies  are 


144  BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST. 

removed,  it  is  supposed,  by  the  parents.  They  are  never 
found  near  the  nest,  as  they  would  be  if  the  young  Cow- 
Blackbird  expelled  them  as  does  the  Cuckoo  ;  indeed,  Mr. 
Nuttall  has  seen  parent  birds  removing  the  dead  young 
to  a  distance  from  the  nest  and  there  dropping  them." 

THE   REDWING-BLACKBIRD. 

In  early  spring  no  sounds  attract  so  much  attention  as 
the  unmusical  notes  of  the  Redwing-Blackbird  coming 
to  our  ears  from  every  wooded  meadow.  A  sort  of  chip- 
chip  churee,  mixed  with  many  other  confused  and  some  gut- 
tural sounds,  forms  this  remarkable  chorus,  which  seems  to 
be  a  universal  chattering,  hardly  to  be  considered  a  song. 
Most  of  the  notes  are  sharp,  and  in  none  could  I  ever 
detect  anything  like  musical  intonation.  Sometimes  they 
seem  to  chant  in  concert  with  the  little  piping  frogs, 
though  the  sounds  made  by  the  latter  are  by  far  the  most 
musical.  Indeed,  the  Red  wing- Blackbird  never  sings, 
though  we  frequently  hear  from  a  solitary  individual  the 
sound  of  chip-churee. 

This  bird,  as  well  as  the  Cowbird,  is  a  free-lover, 
though  the  females  have  not  yet  declared  their  rights, 
and  their  communistic  prejudices  are  not  sufficient  to 
cause  them  to  refuse  to  rear  and  educate  their  offspring. 
In  early  April  assemblages  of  Redwings,  perched  upon 
trees  standing  in  wet  grounds,  constantly  chatter  in  mer- 
ry riot,  while  the  bright  scarlet  epauletted  males  strive 
to  recommend  themselves  by  music,  like  some  awk- 
ward youth  who  serenades  his  mistress  with  a  jewsharp. 
These  notes  seem  to  spring  from  a  fulness  of  joy  upon 
returning  to  their  native  swamps.  The  Redwings  un- 
doubtedly mate,  though  there  is  plainly  no  jealousy 
among  them.  Like  the  Otaheitans,  a  flock  of  birds  has 
a  flock  of  wives,  the  true  wife  being  recognized  above 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  145 

the  others  only  while  rearing  their  young.  In  this 
respect  they  differ  from  the  gallinaceous  birds,  who  reso- 
lutely demand  exclusive  possession  of  all  the  females  and 
establish  their  right  by  might.  They  fight  until  the  con- 
queror is  left  to  be  the  sultan  of  the  flock. 

The  nests  of  the  Kedwing  are  always  suspended  upon  a 
bush  or  a  tuft  of  reeds  in  a  half-inundated  meadow.  I  have 
frequently  found  them  in  a  button-bush,  surrounded  by 
water  ;  but  they  are  also  suspended  from  the  perpendicular 
stalks  of  cat-tails,  which  encircle  the  nests,  bound  to  them 
by  the  leaves  of  the  same  plant  or  any  other  fibrous 
material  which  is  near  at  hand.  The  Kedwing  displays 
almost  as  much  dexterity  as  the  Baltimore  Oriole  in  the 
construction  of  its  nest,  which  is  always  firmly  woven  so 
that  it  is  not  easily  detached  from  its  position.  It  rears 
but  one  brood  in  a  season.  The  eggs  have  a  whitish 
ground  tinged  slightly  with  blue,  and  mottled  with  dark 
purple  blotches  irregularly  distributed.  The  Redwings 
are  resolute  defenders  of  their  nest  and  young,  both  par- 
ents manifesting  equal  anxiety  and  courage. 

Like  all  our  most  useful  birds,  the  Ked wings  are  very 
mischievous,  consuming  Indian  corn  while  it  is  in  the 
milk,  and  thus  doing  an  incalculable  amount  of  damage, 
especially  at  the  South,  where  the  species  assemble  in 
countless  flocks.  Alexander  Wilson  has  seen  them  so 
numerous  in  Virginia  during  the  month  of  January,  as  to 
resemble  an  immense  black  cloud.  When  they  settled 
upon  a  meadow  their  united  voices  made  a  sound  which, 
heard  at  a  distance,  was  sublime ;  and  when  they  all  rose 
together  upon  the  wing,  the  noise  was  like  distant  thun- 
der. He  took  particular  notice  of  the  glitter  of  their 
epaulets,  flashing  from  thousands  of  wings  from  this  vast 
assemblage.  At  the  North  they  are  seldom  numerous 
enough  to  do  any  extensive  damage,  and  they  are  such  in- 
defatigable hunters  of  all  those  grabs  that  are  concealed 


146  BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE    AND    FOREST. 

beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  that  they  probably 
compensate  in  this  way  for  all  the  mischief  they  perform. 

THE   PURPLE   GRACKLE. 

High  up  in  the  pines  or  firs  that  constitute  a  grove 
outside  of  any  of  our  villages,  in  the  latter  part  of  April, 
small  flocks  of  Purple  Grackles  may  be  seen  gathered 
together  like  Hooks,  and  making  the  whole  neighborhood 
resound  with  their  garrulity.  They  are  not  very  shy 
birds,  seeming  hardly  conscious  of  the  enmity  with  which 
they  are  regarded  by  the  villagers  near  whose  habitations 
they  congregate.  They  become  every  year  more  numer- 
ous and  familiar,  their  numbers  increasing  with  the  ex- 
tension of  the  area  of  tillage.  In  no  way  is  the  truth  of 
the  Malthusian  theory  more  clearly  proved  or  more  plainly 
illustrated  than  in  the  habits  of  certain  species  of  birds. 
They  will  increase  in  spite  of  our  persistent  efforts  to 
exterminate  them,  unless  we  cut  down  our  woods  and 
thickets  to  deprive  them  of  a  shelter  and  a  home.  A 
single  model  farmer  or  landscape-gardener  may  do  more 
in  the  way  of  their  extermination,  by  keeping  his  grounds 
nice,  and  clear  of  undergrowth,  than  twenty  mischievous 
boys  with  guns  or  a  dozen  avaricious  farmers  with  their 
nets.  Birds  that,  like  the  Kobin  and  the  Grackle,  consume 
all  sorts  of  insects  they  can  find  upon  the  ground,  will 
increase  with  their  supply  of  insect  food.  If  w7e  wish  to 
stop  their  multiplication,  we  must  bury  every  fertilizer  six 
feet  deep. 

The  Grackles  are  intelligent  birds,  and,  though  ap- 
parently not"  very  shy,  they  are  wise  enough  to  build 
their  nests  in  the  tops  of  tall  trees  which  are  difficult  of 
access,  choosing  an  evergreen  for  this  purpose,  that  they 
may  be  more  safely  concealed.  These  birds  have  been 
known  to  build  sometimes  in  the  hollows  of  trees ;  like- 


BIRDS    OF    THE    PASTURE   AND    FOREST.  147 

wise  inside  of  the  spire  of  a  church  and  in  martin-houses. 
Indeed,  Mr.  S.  P.  Fowler  thinks  that  as  human  population 
increases,  the  Grackles  are  gradually  assuming  the  habits 
of  the  English  Books.  Like  the  Rook,  they  are  naturally 
gregarious,  and  as  the  area  of  agriculture  is  expanded,  and 
woods  afford  birds  less  protection  than  formerly,  they  are 
disposed  to  seek  artificial  shelter  in  the  vicinity  of  towns, 
that  they  may  feed  upon  insect  food,  which  in  these  local- 
ities is  very  abundant. 

The  Purple  Grackle  has,  upon  examination,  very  beau- 
tiful plumage ;  for  its  black  feathers  are  full  of  various 
tints,  changeable,  according  as  the  light  falls  upon  them, 
into  violet,  purple,  blue,  and  green.  We  see,  however, 
nearly  all  the  same  varying  shades  in  the  plumage  of  the 
common  Cock,  when  it  is  black.  They  are  said  to  con- 
sume so  much  corn  as  to  seriously  injure  the  crop  wher- 
ever they  exist  in  large  numbers.  Still  they  are  so  use- 
ful as  to  deserve  not  only  protection,  but  encouragement, 
and  groves  in  which  they  can  nestle  without  disturbance 
should  be  saved  for  them. 

Like  the  Redwing,  they  assemble  in  large  flocks  in  the 
Southern  States.  According  to  Wilson,  the  magnitude  of 
their  assemblages  can  hardly  be  described.  In  Virginia 
he  witnessed  one  of  these  myriad  flocks  settled  on  the 
banks  of  the  Roanoke.  When  they  arose  at  his  approach, 
the  noise  of  their  wings  was  like  distant  thunder,  and 
they  completely  hid  from  sight  the  fields  over  which  they 
passed  by  the  blackness  of  their  multitudinous  flocks. 
He  thought  the  assemblage  might  contain  hundreds  of 
thousands.  The  depredations  of  such  immense  flocks 
upon  the  Indian-corn  crop  must  be  incalculable,  since 
they  are  known  to  attack  it  in  all  stages  of  its  growth, 
beginning  as  soon  as  it  is  planted. 

In  New  England  they  remain  only  during  the  breeding- 
season,  when  it  is  a  well-established  fact  that  their  whole 


QUAIL 


BIRDS   OF    THE   PASTURE   AND    FOREST.  149 

diet  consists  of  worms  and  insects.  Good  observers  who 
have  watched  them  here  testify  to  the  truth  of  this  asser- 
tion. They  do,  in  fact,  consume  but  little  corn  or  grain  at 
any  season,  save  when  they  cannot  find  a  sufficient  supply 
of  insect  food.  When  associated  in  such  vast  flocks  as 
described  by  Wilson,  they  are  necessarily  granivorous. 

THE  QUAIL. 

I  have  not  yet  seen  any  good  reason  for  denying  that 
the  Quail  is  a  Quail ;  nor  can  I  understand  why,  in  the 
new  classifications  of  birds,  the  marks  that  formerly  char- 
acterized species  are  now  used  to  characterize  genera.  Let 
us  pursue  the  same  philosophical  rule  to  its  final  results, 
and  we  shall  arrive  at  the  discovery  that  the  different 
varieties  of  the  common  fowl  constitute  so  many  genera, 
and  that  the  black  and  the  white  and  the  Seebright  Ban- 
tams, for  example,  are  species  of  the  genus  Galliparvus. 
But  the  Quail,  whether  it  be  itself  or  another  bird,  is 
now  a  rare  inhabitant  of  New  England.  Thousands  of  its 
species  were  destroyed  by  the  deep  snows  of  the  winter 
of  1856-57,  and  again  by  the  cold  winter  of  1867-68. 
Indeed,  every  winter  destroys  great  numbers  of  them. 
And  as  the  Quail  does  not  migrate,  and  never  wanders 
any  great  distance  from  its  birthplace,  I  cannot  under- 
stand why  its  species  could  ever  have  been  numerous 
so  far  north  as  the  New  England  States,  unless  the  vast 
numbers  rendered  it  impossible  for  any  accident  of  Nature 
to  destroy  so  many  that  there  should  not  be  multitudes 
left.  But  since  the  white  man  came,  the  gun,  the  snare, 
and  the  winters  united  have  nearly  extirpated  the  whole 
race. 

For  many  years  past  I  have  seldom  heard  the  musical 
voice  of  the  Quail.  Seldom  is  the  haymaker  in  these 
days  reminded  of  the  approach  of  showers  by  his  procla- 


150  BIRDS   OF   THE    PASTURE   AND   FOREST. 

mation  of  "  More  wet  "  from  some  adjoining  fence.  Not 
that  the  few  that  remain  are  no  longer  prophets,  but  they 
have  become  timid  from  the  persecutions  they  have  suf- 
fered, and  have  ceased  to  prophesy  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
farm.  Neither  does  the  Quail  any  longer  make  known 
his  presence  to  his  mate  by  saying  in  musical  tones, 
"  Here  's  Bob  White."  He  knows  too  well  that  this  would 
lead  to  his  discovery  and  death.  Man,  too  short-sighted 
to  understand  his  own  selfish  advantage  in  protecting  the 
bird,  and  too  avaricious  to  let  pass  the  opportunity  of  buy- 
ing a  feast  with  a  few  cheap  charges  of  powder  and  shot, 
will  give  him  no  peace. 

A  female  Quail,  leading  her  little  brood  under  the  shel- 
ter of  pines  to  escape  the  notice  of  those  who  have  intruded 
into  her  presence,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  sights  in 
animated  nature.  The  rapidity  with  which  the  young 
make  their  escape  to  some  hiding-place  in  the  grass  or 
among  the  bushes,  and  the  anxiety  displayed  by  the  moth- 
er, cannot  fail  to  awaken  our  sympathy.  If  we  sit  still 
in  ambush  and  watch  for  them,  the  mother,  no  longer 
aware  of  our  presence,  gives  her  cheerful  call-note,  when 
they  all  suddenly  reappear  and  follow  her,  as  chickens 
follow  the  hen.  Their  timidity  and  their  expertness  in 
wending  their  way  through  the  thicket  and  then  out  on 
the  open  land,  and  their  nimble  motions  as  they  forage  in 
the  pasture  for  grubs  and  insects,  are  an  ample  reward  to 
any  sympathetic  observer  for  long  and  patient  watching. 

The  destruction  of  this  useful  and  interesting  species 
by  our  winter  snows  is  a  public  calamity ;  and  nothing, 
it  seems  to  me,  can  mitigate  the  evil  save  the  building  of 
artificial  shelters,  strewing  around  them  some  sort  of  grain 
to  prevent  their  wandering  far  away  from  them.  Our 
farmers  have  not  sufficiently  considered  the  advantages 
they  might  derive  from  this  semi-dornestication  of  the 
Quail  and  some  other  species  that  winter  with  us.  Even 


BIRDS   OF   THE   PASTURE   AND   FOREST.  151 

if  this  protection  were  offered  them  only  that  their  sur- 
plus might  be  used  to  grace  our  tables,  it  would  be  found 
a  profitable  enterprise. 

THE   RUFFED   GROUSE. 

In  May,  if  we  were  to  wander  into  an  extensive  wood 
which  is  not  a  swamp,  at  a  sufficient  distance  from  any 
village  tavern,  we  should  probably  hear  the  drumming 
of  the  Partridge.  This  peculiar  sound  is  heard  early 
in  the  morning  and  late  in  the  evening,  becoming  more 
frequent  and  persistent  as  the  breeding-season  advances. 
It  is  made  by  the  male,  and  is  unlike  any  other  sound  I 
ever  heard.  I  cannot  compare  it  to  the  rumbling  of  distant 
thunder,  as  some  do,  because  the  sounds  of  thunder  are 
irregular,  while  the  strokes  of  the  Partridge's  wings  are 
perfectly  timed,  and  increase  in  rapidity  as  they  decrease 
in  loudness,  until  they  die  away  in  a  faint,  fluttering 
vibration. 

I  think  those  observers  are  mistaken  who  believe  this 
drumming  to  be  made  by  striking  or  flapping  his  wings 
against  his  sides  or  against  the  log  where  he  is  stand- 
ing. Samuels  says  :  "  The  bird  resorts  to  a  fallen  trunk 
of  a  tree  or  log,  and  while  strutting  like  a  male  Turkey, 
beats  his  wings  against  his  sides  and  the  log  with  con- 
siderable force.  It  commences  very  slowly,  and  after  a 
few  strokes  gradually  increases  in  velocity,  and  ter- 
minates with  a  rolling  beat  very  similar  to  the  roll  of 
a  drum."  Dr.  Brewer  describes  the  sound  as  produced 
in  the  same  manner,  and  this  seems  to  be  the  universal 
opinion.  On  the  contrary,  the  bird  produces  this  sound 
by  striking  the  shoulders  of  his  wings  together  over  his 
back,  as  the  common  Cock  frequently  does  before  he 
crows,  and  as  the  male  Pigeon  does  when  after  dalliance 
with  his  mate  he  flies  out  exultingly  a  short  distance  from 


152  BIRDS   OF  THE   PASTURE  AND   FOREST. 

his  perch.  It  is  very  difficult  to  obtain  sight  of  the  bird 
while  he  is  drumming,  and  then  we  cannot  venture 
near  enough  to  see  his  motions  very  distinctly.  But 
whenever  I  have  gained  sight  of  one  in  the  act  of  drum- 
ming, he  seemed  to  me  to  elevate  his  wings  and  strike 
them  together  over  his  back,  increasing  the  rapidity  of 
these  strokes,  until  the  last  was  nothing  more  than  the 
sound  produced  upon  the  air  by  the  rapid  vibration  of  the 
feathers  of  his  wings  and  tail.  A  similar  vibrating  sound 
is  made  by  the  Turkey  with  his  tail-feathers  when  strut- 
ting about  the  yard  among  the  females. 

It  seems  very  improbable  that  the  Grouse  has  sufficient 
power  to  make  so  much  sound  by  flapping  the  concave 
surface  of  his  wings  against  his  downy  sides.  Birds  can- 
not move  their  wings  with  so  much  force  in  this  direction 
as  in  the  opposite  one ;  and  so  long  as  some  uncertainty 
exists  about  it,  it  is  the  wisest  course  to  reason  from  anal- 
ogy, and  to  conclude  that  the  Partridge  makes  this  sound 
as  similar  ones  are  made  by  certain  domestic  birds. 
Many  of  our  farmers  believe  that  this  bird  stands  on  a 
log  and  makes  the  drumming  sound  by  striking  the  shoul- 
ders of  his  wings  against  the  log.  Some  think  the  log 
must  therefore  be  hollow.  But  instances  are  well  known 
where  a  bird  has  selected  a  rock  for  his  drumming-place, 
when  the  same  sound  is  produced. 

As  the  flapping  of  the  wings  of  the  common  Cock  pre- 
vious to  crowing  is  a  mode  of  expressing  defiance,  the 
same  may  be  said  of  the  drumming  of  the  Partridge,  who 
before  and  after  his  drumming  struts  about  in  the  most 
amusing  way,  placing  himself  in  many  graceful  attitudes. 
All  these  actions  are  a  part  of  the  ceremony  of  courtship. 
They  always,  therefore,  excite  the  jealousy  of  other  males, 
who,  if  sufficiently  bold,  will  immediately  attack  the 
drummer.  The  conqueror  draws  in  his  train  the  greater 
part  of  the  females,  and  becomes  their  favorite. 


FORAGING  HABITS   OF  BIEDS. 

THE  different  habits  of  foraging  that  distinguish  the 
several  tribes  and  species  of  birds  deserve  attention  as 
indicating  a  similar  difference  in  the  character  of  their 
aliment.  Birds,  for  example,  that  take  their  food  chiefly 
from  the  surface  of  the  ground  forage  in  a  different  man- 
ner from  others  that  collect  it  from  under  the  surface. 
Swallows  catch  all  their  food  while  on  the  wing,  and  give 
proof  by  this  habit  that  they  take  only  winged  insects ; 
but  their  manners  differ  essentially  from  those  of  the 
fly-catchers,  that  do  not  take  their  prey  on  the  wing,  but 
seize  it  as  it  passes  by  their  perch.  Robins  and  black- 
birds gather  their  fare  entirely  from  the  ground,  but  their 
ways  while  seeking  it  differ  exceedingly.  Their  respec- 
tive habits  of  foraging  are  adapted  to  the  successful 
pursuit  of  the  worms  and  insects  that  constitute  their 
principal  diet.  Though  both  species  are  consumers  of 
all  kinds  of  insects,  they  have  their  preferences,  which 
are  the  chief  objects  of  their  pursuit.  It  is  necessary  to 
study  their  different  habits  of  foraging  to  understand  the 
principle  which  I  have  endeavored  to  inculcate,  that  each 
species  performs  certain  services  in  the  economy  of  nature, 
'which  cannot  he  so  well  accomplished  by  any  other  species  ; 
and  that  it  is  necessary  for  this  end  to  preserve  all  in 
such  proportions  as  would  spontaneously  exist  if  the 
whole  feathered  race  were  unmolested  and  left  to  their 
own  natural  chances  of  living  and  multiplying. 

The  sylvians  are  the  most  interesting  of  foragers 
among  the  smaller  birds,  and  are  remarkable  for  their 


154  FORAGING   HABITS    OF   BIRDS. 

diligence  in  hunting  their  prey.  They  have  a  peculiar 
way  of  examining  the  foliage  and  blossoms  rather  than 
the  surface  of  the  branches,  and  their  motions  are  very 
conspicuous  upon  the  outer  parts  of  the  trees  near  the 
extremity  of  the  spray.  The  golden  robin  hunts  his  prey 
like  the  sylvians,  though  he  is  not  one  of  them,  and  his 
motions  are  more  rapid  and  energetic  than  theirs. 

The  wren,  the  creeper,  and  the  chickadee  seek  their 
food  while  creeping  round  the  branches,  and  take  less  of 
it  from  the  foliage  than  the  sylvians  or  the  flycatchers. 
They  seldom  pause  in  their  circuitous  course,  proceeding 
usually  from  the  junctions  of  the  branches  to  their  ex- 
tremities, hopping  from  spray  to  spray,  and  then  passing 
to  another  tree.  The  sylvians  appear  to  examine  the 
leaves  and  blossoms,  while  the  creepers  and  tomtits  exam- 
ine the  bark  of  the  tree.  Hence  the  former  do  not  pro- 
long their  stay  with  us  after  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  while  the 
other  species  are  seen  after  the  trees  are  entirely  denuded. 
We  may  infer,  therefore,  that  the  sylvians  feed  chiefly 
upon  beetles  and  other  winged  insects  that  devour  the 
leaves  of  trees,  while  the  creepers  and  tomtits  take  more 
insects  in  embryo,  which  during  autumn  and  winter  are 
half  concealed  in  the  bark  of  trees. 

The  habits  of  the  flycatchers  differ  from  those  of  any 
of  the  species  above  named.  Let  us  take  the  pewee  as 
an  example.  He  sits  on  a  twig  almost  without  motion, 
but  with  a  frequent  sideling  of  the  head,  indicating  his 
watchfulness.  He  does  not  seem  so  diligent  as  the  sylvi- 
ans, because  he  waits  for  his  prey  to  come  to  him,  and 
seeks  for  it  only  by  carefully  awaiting  its  approach. 
That  he  is  not  idle  is  shown  by  his  frequent  flitting  out 
in  an  irregular  circuit,  and  immediately  returning  to  his 
perch  with  a  captured  insect.  These  salient  flights  are 
very  numerous,  and  he  often  turns  a  somerset  in  the  act 
of  capturing  his  prey.  He  seldom  misses  his  aim,  and 


FORAGING   HABITS   OF   BIRDS.  155 

probably  collects  from  ten  to  fifteen  insects  of  an  appre- 
ciable size  every  minute.  As  he  lives  entirely  upon  them, 
and  in  summer  gathers  them  for  his  offspring,  this  is  no 
extravagant  estimate. 

The  pewee,  however,  does  not  catch  all  his  prey  while 
it  is  flying,  but  he  is  usually  on  the  wing  when  he  takes  it. 
If  he  finds  a  moth  or  a  beetle  upon  a  leaf  or  a  branch,  he 
seizes  it  while  he  is  poised  in  the  air.  A  sylvian  would 
creep  along  the  branch,  and  when  near  enough  extend  his 
neck  forward  to  take  it.  The  vireos,  forming  an  interme- 
diate genus  between  the  sylvians  and  the  true  flycatchers, 
partake  of  the  habits  of  each.  Some  of  them  are  remark- 
able for  a  sort  of  intermittent  singing  while  hunting  for 
their  food.  The  preacher,  indeed,  seems  to  make  war- 
bling his  principal  employment.  He  is  never,  apparently, 
very  diligent  or  earnest,  and  often  stops  during  his  desul- 
tory exhortations,  to  seize  a  passing  insect,  and  then  re- 
sumes his  song. 

Woodpeckers  reside  chiefly  in  the  forest,  of  which  they 
are  the  natural  guardians  ;  and  as  the  food  of  their  choice 
is  nearly  as  abundant  in  winter  as  in  summer,  they  are 
not  generally  migratory.  Hence  the  operations  of  these 
birds  are  incessant  throughout  the  year.  As  their  food  is 
not  anywhere  very  abundant,  like  that  of  some  of  the 
granivorous  birds,  woodpeckers  never  forage  in  flocks. 
The  more  they  scatter  themselves  the  better  their  fare. 
The  woodpeckers  bear  the  same  relation  to  other  birds  that 
take  their  food  from  trees,  as  snipes  and  woodcocks  bear 
to  thrushes  and  quails.  They  bore  into  the  wood  as  the 
snipe  bores  into  the  earth,  while  thrushes  and  quails  seek 
the  insects  that  crawl  on  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

There  are  several  families  of  birds  that  take  only  a 
small  part  of  their  food  from  trees,  and  the  remainder 
from  the  soil  or  the  greensward.  Such  are  all  the  galli- 
naceous kinds,  larks,  blackbirds,  and  thrushes.  It  has 


FORAGING   HABITS   OF   BIRDS. 

been  said  that  the  skylark  was  never  known  to  perch 
upon  a  tree.  These  families  are  the  guardians  of  the 
soil.  The  thrushes  do  not  refuse  an  insect  or  a  grub 
that  is  crawling  upon  a  tree,  but  they  forage  chiefly  upon 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  In  the  feeding  habits  of 
the  thrushes,  their  apparent  want  of  diligence  attracts 
frequent  attention ;  but  this  appearance  is  delusive. 
The  common  robin  will  exemplify  their  usual  manner, 
though  he  carries  it  to  an  extreme.  When  he  is  hunt- 
ing his  food  he  is  usually  seen  hopping  in  a  listless  man- 
ner about  the  field.  Sometimes  a  dozen  robins  or  more 
may  occupy  one  enclosure,  but  they  are  always  widely 
separated.  Observe  one  of  them  and  you  will  see  him 
standing  still,  with  his  bill  inclined  upward,  and  looking 
about  him  with  seeming  unconcern ;  soon  he  makes  two 
or  three  hops,  and  then  stands  a  few  more  seconds  with 
his  bill  turned  upward,  apparently  idle.  Presently  he 
darts  suddenly  a  few  yards  from  his  standing- place,  and 
may  be  seen  pecking  vigorously  upon  the  ground.  If  you 
were  near  him  you  would  see  him  pulling  out  a  cutworm, 
seldom  an  earthworm,  or  devouring  a  nest  of  insects 
which  are  gathered  in  a  cluster. 

Blackbirds,  though  they  also  gather  all  their  food  from 
the  ground,  seem  to  be  more  industrious.  Blackbirds  of 
all  species  walk.  They  do  not  hop  like  the  robin.  They 
seldom  hold  up  their  heads,  but  march  along  with  their 
bills  turned  downward,  as.  if  entirely  devoted  to  their 
task.  They  never  seem  to  be  idle,  except  when  a  flock 
of  them  are  making  a  garrulous  noise  upon  a  tree.  If  a 
blackbird  looks  upward,  it  is  only  by  a  sudden  movement ; 
he  does  not  stop.  After  watching  a  blackbird  and  a  robin 
ten  minutes  in  the  same  field,  any  one  would  suppose 
that  the  blackbird  had  collected  twice  as  much  food  as 
the  robin  during  that  time.  But  this  is  not  true.  The 
difference  in  their  apparent  industry  is  caused  partly  by 


FORAGING   HABITS   OF   BIRDS.  157 

the  character  of  their  food.  The  robin  is  entirely  insec- 
tivorous, while  the  omnivorous  blackbird  hunts  the  soil 
for  everything  that  is  nutritious,  and  picks  up  small  seeds 
that  require  a  close  examination  of  the  ground. 

The  robin  is  probably  endowed  with  a  greater  reach  of 
sight  than  the  blackbird,  and  while  hopping  about  with 
his  head  erect,  his  vision  comprehends  a  wider  space. 
Many  a  time  have  I  been  astonished  at  the  rapidity  with 
which  one  of  these  idle  robins  would  collect  cutworms 
during  a  dry  spell  when  they  could  not  be  very  abun- 
dant, sometimes  bringing  two  at  a  time  in  her  bill  and 
carrying  them  to  her  young.  The  robin  not  only  watches 
for  a  sight  of  his  prey,  but  also  for  the  marks  upon  vege- 
tation that  denote  the  place  of  its  concealment.  He 
must  possess  an  extraordinary  share  of  this  sagacious  in- 
stinct ;  for  the  thousands  of  cutworms  destroyed  by  him 
could  not  be  discovered  except  by  these  indications  and 
when  they  crawl  out  at  twilight.  The  robin  is  therefore 
one  of  the  earliest  as  well  as  the  latest  feeders  among  all 
our  birds  in  the  morning  and  evening. 

The  foraging  habits  of  the  different  species  of  domestic 
poultry  are  worthy  of  remark  as  illustrating  some  of  the 
differences  observed  in  the  manners  of  wild  birds.  Place 
a  brood  of  ducks  in  a  field  during  grasshopper-time,  and 
they  generally  pursue  one  course,  marching  in  a  body 
over  the  field  with  great  regularity.  A  brood  of  chickens, 
on  the  contrary,  will  scatter,  occasionally  reassembling, 
but  never  keeping  close  together,  unless  they  are  follow- 
ing a  hen.  Turkeys  scatter  themselves  less  than  chickens, 
but  do  not  equal  ducks  in  the  regularity  of  their  move- 
ments. Pigeons  settle  down  upon  a  field  in  a  compact 
flock,  and  then  radiate  in  all  directions.  They  pursue 
no  regular  march,  like  ducks. 

A  very  interesting  class  of  foragers  are  those  that  feed 
in  compact  assemblages.  This  habit  renders  the  snow- 


158  FORAGING   HABITS   OF   BIRDS. 

buntings  exceedingly  attractive.  Their  food  is  not  dis- 
tributed in  separate  morsels  like  that  of  robins  and  wood- 
peckers. It  consists  of  the  seeds  of  grasses  and  of  com- 
posite plants,  which  are  often  scattered  very  evenly  over 
a  wide  surface.  When,  therefore,  a  flock  of  fifty  or  more 
settle  down  in  a  field,  each  one  fares  as  well  as  if  he 
were  alone,  during  the  short  time  they  remain  on  the 
spot.  Insect-feeders  find  it  for  the  most  part  profita- 
ble to  scatter  and  keep  separate,  because  their  food  is 
sparsely  distributed.  This  is  not  true  of  the  birds  that 
frequent  the  salt-marshes  that  are  overflowed  by  the 
tide.  Their  aliment  consists  of  insects  and  worms  which 
are  evenly  scattered  and  abundant.  Hence  sandpipers 
and  some  other  species  forage  in  flocks,  though  they  live 
exclusively  upon  an  animal  diet. 

The  swallow  tribes  are  the  guardians  of  the  atmosphere, 
that  would  otherwise  swarm  with  fatal  quantities  of  mi- 
nute insects.  Their  foraging  habits  are  observed  by  all, 
and  are  well  known.  Woodpeckers,  creepers,  and  chicka- 
dees are  the  guardians  of  the  timber  of  the  forest ;  sylvians 
and  flycatchers,  of  the  foliage.  Blackbirds,  thrushes,  crows, 
and  larks  are  the  protectors  of  the  surface  of  the  soil ; 
snipes  and  woodcocks,  of  the  soil  under  the  surface.  Each 
family  has  its  respective  duties  to  perform  in  the  economy 
of  nature ;  and  man  must  beware  lest  he  disturb  this 
equilibrium  by  reducing  the  numbers  of  any  species  below 
the  supply  of  insects  which  is  afforded  them. 

It  is  curious  to  note  the  assiduity  with  which  insects 
are  hunted  in  all  stages  of  their  existence.  In  their  larva 
state,  those  that  lurk  inside  of  the  wood  and  bark  are 
taken  by  woodpeckers,  and  those  under  the  soil  by 
snipes  and  woodcocks.  Insects,  when  the  larva  has  as- 
sumed the  form  of  moths,  beetles,  and  flies,  are  attacked 
by  flycatchers  and  sylvians  and  other  small  birds  that 
take  their  food  by  day,  and  by  small  owls  and  whippoor- 


FORAGING   HABITS   OF   BIRDS. 


159 


wills  by  night.  It  matters  not  in  what  stage  of  its  ex- 
istence the  insect  is  destroyed ;  it  is  still  demonstrable 
that  these  minute  creatures  cannot  be  kept  in  check 
unless  they  are  attacked  in  all  stages.  Birds  are  their 
only  effectual  destroyers.  Man  cannot  check  their  mul- 
tiplication or  their  ravages  by  artificial  means.  He 
cannot  even  protect  his  garden.  Their  destructive  and 
infinite  multiplication  can  be  prevented  only  by  Nature's 
own  agents,  which  she  has  created  with  this  power.  A 
million  of  ichneumons  would  not  do  the  work  of  a 
dozen  birds. 


COWBIKD. 


SEPTEMBER 

WE  have  hardly  become  familiar  with  summer  ere 
autumn  arrives  with  its  cool  nights,  its  foggy  mornings, 
and  its  clear  brilliant  days.  Yet  the  close  of  summer  is 
but  the  commencement  of  a  variety  of  pleasant  rural 
occupations,  of  reaping  and  fruit-gathering,  and  the  still 
more  exciting  sports  of  the  field.  After  this  time  we  are 
comparatively  exempt  from  the  extremes  of  temperature, 
and  we  are  free  to  ramble  at  any  distance,  without  ex- 
posure to  sudden  showers,  that  so  often  spring  up  in  sum- 
mer without  warning  us  of  their  approach.  Though  the 
spicy  odors  of  June  are  no  longer  wafted  upon  the  gales, 
there  is  a  clearness  and  freshness  in  the  atmosphere  more 
agreeable  than  fragrance,  giving  buoyancy  to  the  mind 
and  elasticity  to  the  frame. 

The  various  employments  of  the  farmer  are  changed 
into  agreeable  recreations  ;  and  the  anxious  toils  of  plant- 
ing and  haymaking  have  given  place  to  the  less  weari- 
some arid  more  exhilarating  labors  of  the  harvest.  Beside 
the  pleasures  of  the  sportsman,  there  are  successions  of 
fruit-gatherings  and  rural  excursions  of  various  kinds, 
from  the  beginning  of  this  month  to  the  end  of  the 
next,  that  impart  to  the  young  many  cheerful  themes 
for  remembrance  during  the  rest  of  their  days.  The 
provident  simpler  may  be  seen  upon  the  hills  busily 
employed  in  gathering  medicinal  plants  for  her  own 
humble  dispensary.  Close  by  her  side  are  neatly  bound 
sheaves  of  thorough  wort,  hardback,  bear-berry,  penny- 
royal, and  life-everlasting,  which  she  benevolently  pro- 


SEPTEMBER.  161 

vides  for  the  supply  of  her  neighborhood.  And  while 
thus  employed,  she  feels  the  reward  of  the  just  in  the 
pleasing  contemplation  of  the  good  she  may  perform, 
when  winter  comes  with  its  fevers  and  colds. 

There  is  no  season  when  the  landscape  presents  so 
beautiful  an  appearance  just  before  sunset,  as  during  this 
month.  The  grass  has  a  singular  velvety  greenness,  being 
without  any  mixture  of  downy  tassels  and  panicles  of 
seeds.  For  the  present  covering  of  the  fields  is  chiefly 
the  second  growth  of  vegetation,  after  the  first  has  been 
mowed  by  the  farmer  or  cropped  by  the  grazing  herds. 
The  herbage  displays  little  but  the  leaves,  which  have 
been  thickened  in  their  growth  and  made  green  by  the 
early  rains  of  autumn.  When  the  atmosphere  has  its 
usual  autumnal  clearness  and  the  sun  is  just  declining, 
while  his  rays  gleam  horizontally  over  the  fields,  the 
plain  exhibits  the  most  brilliant  verdure,  unlike  that  of 
the  earlier  months.  When  this  wide  landscape  of  uni- 
form greenness  is  viewed  in  opposition  to  the  blue  firma- 
ment, it  seems  as  if  the  earth  arid  the  sky  were  vying 
with  each  other  in  the  untarnished  loveliness  of  their 
appropriate  colors. 

There  is  usually  a  serenity  of  the  weather  for  the  greater 
part  of  September,  unknown  to  the  other  autumn  months. 
Yet  this  is  no  time  for  inaction ;  for  the  temperate  cli- 
mate, too  pleasant  for  confinement,  and  too  cool  for  indo- 
lent repose,  invites  even  the  weary  to  ramble.  Of  all 
the  months,  the  climate  of  September  is  the  most  equable 
and  salubrious,  and  nearly  the  same  temperature  is  waft- 
ed from  every  quarter  of  the  heavens.  The  sea-breezes 
spring  up  from  the  ocean  almost  with  the  mildness  of  the 
southwest,  and  the  rude  north-wind  has  been  softened 
into  a  delightful  blandness  by  his  tender  dalliance  with 
summer. 

One  of  the  charms  of  the  present  month  is  the  profusion 

11 


162  SEPTEMBER. 

of  bright-colored  fruits  that  meet  the  eye  on  every  side 
in  the  deserted  haunts  of  the  flowers.  The  scarlet  berries 
of  the  nightshade,  varied  with  their  blossoms,  hang  like 
clusters  of  rubies  from  the  crevices  in  the  stone-walls 
through  which  the  vines  have  made  their  clambering 
tour.  On  each  side  of  the  fences  the  elder-trees  in  inter- 
rupted rows  are  bending  down  with  the  weight  of -their 
dark  purple  fruit,  and  the  catbird  may  be  seen  busily 
gathering  them  for  his  noonday  repast.  Above  all,  the 
barberry-bushes  scattered  over  the  hills,  some  in  irregu- 
lar clumps,  others  following  the  lines  of  the  stone-walls, 
down  narrow  lanes  and  over  sandy  hills,  with  their  long- 
slender  branches  fringed  with  delicate  racemes  of  varie- 
gated fruit,  changing  from  a  greenish  white  to  a  bright 
scarlet,  form  hedge-rows  as  beautiful  as  art,  without  its 
formality. 

September  is  the  counterpart  of  June,  and  displays  the 
transformation  of  the  flowers  of  early  summer  into  the 
ripe  and  ruddy  harvest.  The  wild-cherry  trees  are  heav- 
ily laden  with  their  dark  purple  clusters,  and  flocks  of 
robins  and  waxwings  are  busy  all  the  day  in  their  merry 
plunder  among  the  branches.  But  in  the  fruits  there  is 
less  to  be  loved  than  in  the  flowers,  to  which  imagination 
is  prone  to  assign  some  moral  attributes.  The  various 
fruits  of  the  harvest  we  prize  as  good  and  bounteous  gifts. 
But  flowers  win  our  affections,  like  beings  endowed  with 
life  and  thought ;  and  when  we  notice  their  absence  or 
their  departure  we  feel  a  painful  sense  of  melancholy, 
as  when  we  bid  adieu  to  living  friends.  With  flowers 
we  associate  the  sweetness,  the  loveliness,  and  the  dear 
and  bright  remembrances  of  spring.  Like  human  beings, 
they  have  contributed  to  our  moral  enjoyments.  But 
there  are  no  such  ideas  associated  with  the  fruits,  and 
while  the  orchards  are  resplendent  with  their  harvest, 
they  can  never  affect  the  mind  like  the  sight  of  flowers. 


BIEDS   OF  THE  AIE. 

ALL  birds  that  take  their  food  while  on  the  wing,  and 
seldom  or  not  much  in  any  other  way,  may  be  arbitrarily 
designated  as  Birds  of  the  Air,  whether  their  prey  in- 
habit the  air,  like  the  insects  taken  by  the  Swallows  and 
Flycatchers,  or  the  cup  of  a  flower,  like  those  taken  by 
the  Humming-Bird.  Of  these  the  Swallows,  including 
the  Martin  and  the  Swift,  are  the  most  conspicuous  and 
most  numerous  in  this  part  of  the  world.  These  birds 
have  large  wings,  fly  very  swiftly,  and  without  a  great 
deal  of  apparent  motion  of  their  wings.  It  could  hardly 
be  explained  on  mechanical  principles  how  they  are  able 
to  pass  through  the  air  with  such  rapidity.  While  watch- 
ing them  on  the  wing,  it  seems  as  if  they  were  never 
weary ;  but  Dailies  Barrington  says  the  Swallow  makes 
frequent  pauses  for  rest  while  engaged  in  the  pursuit  of 
insects. 

THE  BARN-SWALLOW. 

This  is  the  species  with  which  the  inhabitants  of  New 
England  are  best  acquainted.  But  they  are  every  year 
becoming  fewer,  and  this  diminution  of  their  numbers  is 
attributed  by  Mr.  S.  P.  Fowler  to  our  modern  tight  barns. 
Though  they  often  build  under  the  eaves  of  houses  and 
in  sheds,  they  find  in  these  places  but  limited  accommo- 
dations, compared  with  the  old-fashioned  barns  that  were 
formerly  scattered  over  the  whole  country.  There  are 
now  hundreds  only  where  thirty  years  ago  there  were 


164  BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR. 

thousands,  all  swarming  with  these  lively  birds,  who 
built  their  nests  on  the  horizontal  beams  that  supported 
the  barn  roof.  The  birds  left  us  when  they  were  de- 
prived of  their  tenements,  while  the  Cliff-Swallow,  that 
builds  under  the  eaves  of  barns  and  houses  and  under 
projecting  cliffs  of  rocks,  has  increased,  feeding  upon  the 
larger  quantity  of  insects  consequent  upon  the  absence 
of  the  Barn-Swallow. 

This  species  is  of  a  social  habit ;  fond  of  building  and 
breeding,  as  it  were,  in  small  communities.  An  old- 
fashioned  barn  has  been  known  to  contain  as  many  as 
two  dozen  nests.  They  are  constructed  of  materials  simi- 
lar to  those  of  a  Eobin's  nest;  but  the  Swallow  adds  to 
the  lining  of  grass  a  few  feathers,  which  the  Eobin  does 
not  use.  Dr.  Brewer  alludes  to  a  custom  among  the  Barn- 
Swallows  of .  building  "  an  extra  platform  against,  but  dis- 
tinct from  the  nest  itself,  designed  as  a  roost  ing-place  for 
the  parents,  used  by  one  during  incubation  at  night  or 
when  not  engaged  in  procuring  food,  and  by  both  when 
the  young  are  large  enough  to  occupy  the  whole  nest." 
The  eggs  of  the  Barn-Swallow  are  nearly  white,  with  a 
fine  sprinkling  of  purple.  Two  broods  are  reared  in  a 
season.  When  the  bird  appears  to  have  a  third  brood  I 
think  it  must  have  happened  from  the  accidental  destruc- 
tion of  the  second  brood  of  eggs. 

THE   CLIFF-SWALLOW. 

The  Cliff-Swallow  is  the  species  that  has  apparently 
filled  the  vacancy  made  by  the  diminished  numbers  of  the 
Barn- Swallow.  It  is  a  smaller  bird  and  more  whitish 
underneath.  The  nests  of  this  species  are  placed  under 
the  eaves  of  houses,  sometimes  extending  nearly  across 
the  whole  side  of  a  roof,  resembling  in  some  degree  a 
long  row  of  hornets'  nests.  The  nest  is  of  a  roundish 


BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR.  165 

shape ;  the  body  of  it  is  plastered  to  the  wood ;  the  en- 
trance is  the  neck,  slightly  covered  for  protection  from 
rain.  They  are  made  of  clay  and  mud  without  intermix- 
ture of  other  substances.  They  are  lined  with  grass  and 
feathers. 

This  species  was  at  the  early  settlement  of  the  country 
so  rare,  in  this  part  of  the  continent,  that  it  escaped  the 
notice  of  some  of  the  earliest  observers  of  the  habits  of 
our  birds.  It  was  not  known  even  to  Alexander  Wilson. 
It  seems  to  have  been  observed  and  described  in  Maine 
before  it  was  well  known  in  any  of  the  other  States.  Dr. 
Brewer  says  of  this  species  :  "  I  first  observed  a  large  col- 
ony of  them  in  Attleborough  (Mass.)  in  1842.  Its  size 
indicated  the  existence  of  these  birds  in  that  place  for 
several  years.  The  same  year  they  also  appeared  in  Bos- 
ton, Hingham,  and  in  other  places  in  the  neighborhood." 
The  notes  of  this  Swallow  are  not  so  agreeable  as  those 
of  the  Barn-Swallow  and  other  species. 

'    THE  WOOD-SWALLOW. 

The  White-bellied  Swallow  is  known  in  the  British 
Provinces  by  the  name  of  "  Wood-Swallow."  This  will  be 
regarded  a  very  appropriate  designation,  when  we  consider 
the  continuance  of  the  primitive  habits  of  this  bird  of 
building  in  hollow  trees.  Samuels  has  seen  great  num- 
bers of  the  nests  of  this  species  in  the  woods  of  Maine, 
near  the  northern  lakes,  built  in  hollow  trees,  some  of 
them  standing  in  water.  In  an  area  of  about  ten  rods  he 
counted  fifty  nests.  He  says  this  species  is  the  most 
common  of  the  Swallows  in  that  region.  The  nests  are 
formed  entirely  of  grass  and  feathers  without  any  mud, 
for  which  there  is  no  necessity.  The  eggs  are  pure 
white. 

This  species  has  superseded  the  Purple  Martin  in  many 


166  BIRDS    OF   THE    AIR. 

parts  of  New  England,  as  the  Cliff-Swallow  has  super- 
seded the  Barn-Swallow.  They  are  pretty  generally  dis- 
tributed over  the  whole  continent,  though,  notwithstand- 
ing the  primitive  habits  that  still  adhere  to  a  great  part 
of  their  numbers,  they  are  most  numerous  in  cities  and 
their  suburbs,  attracted  probably  by  the  vast  multitudes 
of  small  flies,  which  are  more  abundant  than  in  the  woods. 
The  Cliff-Swallow  breeds  as  far  as  the  Arctic  Seas. 

THE   SAND-MARTIN. 

This  is  not  the  least  interesting  of  the  family  of  Swal- 
lows. The  swarming  multitudes  that  often  assemble  in 
one  vicinity,  their  constant  motions  while  going  in  and 
out  their  holes  in  the  sand-bank,  and  sailing  about  on 
rapid  wing  in  quest  of  their  microscopic  prey,  and  their 
lively  notes  render  them  objects  of  frequent  attention. 
Of  all  the  Swallows  the  Sand-Martins  afford  the  most 
amusement  for  small  boys  in  the  vicinity,  who  employ 
themselves  in  digging  out  their  nests,  which  are  some- 
times less  than  two  feet  under  the  surface.  The  diffi- 
culty is  in  finding  the  exact  spot  where  the  excavation 
should  be  made.  Large  multitudes  of  them  formerly 
assembled  every  year  and  made  their  holes  in  the  high 
sand-bluffs  that  surround  the  Beverly  coast.  I  have  count- 
ed over  fifty  holes  in  one  large  and  high  bank. 

"  The  work  of  preparation,"  says  Dr.  Brewer,  "  they 
perform  with  their  closed  bill,  swaying  the  body  round 
on  the  feet,  beginning  at  the  centre  and  working  out- 
wards. This  long  and  often  winding  gallery  gradually 
expands  into  a  small  spherical  apartment,  on  the  floor  of 
which  they  form  a  rude  nest  of  straw  and  feathers.  The 
time  occupied  in  making  these  excavations  varies  greatly 
with  the  nature  of  the  soil,  from  four  or  five  days  to 
twice  that  number." 


BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR.  167 

THE   PURPLE   MARTIN. 

It  is  seldom  in  these  days  we  bear  the  sweet  hilarious 
notes  of  the  Purple  Martin  in  Eastern  Massachusetts. 
From  some  not  very  accountable  cause  the  species  have 
left  many  of  their  former  habitations,  and  we  are  no 
longer  pleasantly  roused  from  our  sleep  by  their  sportive 
garrulity  near  our  dwellings.  The  absence  of  these  birds 
is  a  truly  sorrowful  bereavement.  When  I  visit  the 
places  where  I  formerly  heard  them  and  note  their  ab- 
sence, I  feel  as  I  do  when  strolling  over  some  old  familiar 
ground  upon  which  every  scene  has  been  changed,  where 
wood  has  become  open  space,  old  houses  are  removed 
and  replaced  by  new,  and  strangers  occupy  the  homes  of 
the  old  inhabitants. 

We  no  longer  see  any  large  assemblages  of  Purple 
Martins  in  Eastern  Massachusetts;  and  in  almost  all 
parts  of  New  England,  where  they  were  formerly  the  most 
common  of  our  birds,  their  numbers  are  greatly  dimin- 
ished. Why,  it  may  be  asked,  have  they  so  generally  left 
these  parts,  especially  the  vicinity  of  Boston  ?  May  it 
not  be  that  the  Wood- Swallows,  which  have  multiplied  in 
the  same  ratio  as  the  Purple  Martins  have  decreased,  have 
been  the  cause  of  their  disappearance  ?  They  breed  in 
the  boxes  formerly  used  by  the  Martins,  who,  upon  their 
later  arrival,  finding  them  preoccupied  by  the  Wood-Swal- 
low, and  failing  to  obtain  other  accommodations,  fly  away 
to  another  vicinity.  In  a  contest  for  a  box  the  Purple 
Martin  would  be  the  victor,  but  would  prefer  seeking  a 
habitation  elsewhere  to  making  an  attempt  to  dislodge 
birds  which  had  already  built  their  nests  there. 

The  Purple  Martin  is  the  largest  of  the  American  Swal- 
lows, with  plumage  of  a  bluish-black  intermingled  with 
purple  and  violet.  In  beauty  it  is  not  surpassed  by  any 
of  the  species.  It  seems  to  have  no  fear  of  man,  who 


168  BIRDS    OF    THE   AIR. 

from  immemorial  time  has  protected  it.  The  aboriginal 
inhabitants  set  hollowed  gourds  upon  the  trees  to  draw 
the  Martins  to  their  huts.  And  when  the  white  man 
came,  he  provided  them  with  a  meeting-house,  consider- 
ing it  a  fitting  structure  for  their  musical  congregations. 

The  Purple  Martin  utters  a  series  of  notes  which  are 
so  varied  and  continued  as  to  deserve  to  be  called  a  song. 
This  song  has  attracted  less  attention  from  those  who 
have  described  the  habits  of  our  birds  than  it  merits. 
In  my  early  days  I  have  listened  for  hours  to  the  peculiar 
notes  of  the  Purple  Martin,  in  which  a  variety  of  chatter- 
ing and  chuckling  is  combined  with  a  low  guttural  trill, 
resembling  certain  parts  of  the  song  of  the  Ked-Thrush. 
The  Martin,  however,  does  not  give  himself  up  to  song. 
His  notes  are  heard  chiefly  while  on  the  wing ;  but  they 
are  almost  incessant.  He  is  constantly  in  motion,  and 
his  song  seems  to  me  one  of  the  most  animated  and 
cheerful  sounds  uttered  by  any  American  bird  except 
the  Bobolink. 

The  flight  of  the  Purple  Martin  and  his  peculiar  ways 
render  him  exceedingly  interesting  and  amusing.  Sur- 
passed by  no  bird  in  swiftness,  there  is  none  that  equals 
him  in  the  beauty  of  his  movements  on  the  wing,  uniting 
grace  and  vivacity  in  a  remarkable  degree.  Often  skim- 
ming the  surface  of  ponds,  or  swiftly  gliding  along  a  pub- 
lic road  a  few  feet  from  the  ground,  then  soaring  above 
the  height  of  the  lower  clouds,  he  sails  about  with  but 
little  motion  of  the  wings,  till  he  is  out  of  sight.  These 
flights  seem  to  be  made  for  his  own  amusement ;  for  it 
cannot  be  supposed  that  he  finds  the  larger  insects  that 
constitute  his  prey  at  so  great  a  height. 

The  boldness  displayed  by  the  Purple  Martin  in  driving 
Hawks  and  Crows  from  his  neighborhood  accounts  for  the 
respect  in  which  he  was  held  by  the  Indians,  who  were 
great  admirers  of  courage.  "  So  well  known,"  says  Wil- 


BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR.  169 

son,  "  is  this  to  the  lower  birds  and  to  the  domestic  poul- 
try, that  as  soon  as  they  hear  the  Martin's  voice  engaged 
in  fight,  all  is  alarm  and  consternation."  The  Martin  is 
often  victor  in  contests  with  the  Kingbird,  perhaps  when 
one  is  tired  of  the  contest  another  takes  his  place  with 
fresh  vigor,  so  that  the  Kingbird  is  finally  driven  away 
and  conquered. 

THE  CHIMNEY-SWALLOW. 

The  Chimney-Swallow  attracts  general  attention  on 
account  of  its  practice  of  building  its  nest  in  the  un- 
used flue  of  a  chimney.  In  village  and  town  this  fam- 
ily of  birds  are  very  abundant,  some  deserted  chimney 
being  always  appropriated  for  the  rearing  of  their  young. 
It  is  remarkable  that  their  desertion  of  their  original 
breeding-places  and  their  present  selection  of  chimneys 
should  be  so  universal.  Though  they  are  known  at  the 
present  time  to  build,  as  formerly,  in  hollow  trees,  they 
do  so  only  in  forests  very  distant  from  town  or  village. 
Tt  cannot  be  said  that  they  are  fond  of  the  companion- 
ship of  man.  The  small  flies  that  constitute  their  food 
are  probably  more  numerous  in  towns  than  in  forests. 
Hence  the  birds  for  convenience  resort  to  the  chimney 
rather  than  the  hollow  tree,  which  is  farther  from  their 
supplies  of  food. 

The  Chimney-Swallow  is  the  smallest  of  our  American 
species,  and  is  partially  nocturnal  in  its  habits,  being 
most  active  during  morn  and  early  twilight.  Its  nests 
are  nicely  woven  with  sticks,  fastened  to  the  chimney 
with  a  glutinous  saliva.  Says  Samuels  :  "  About  sunset, 
great  multitudes  of  these  birds  are  out,  and  the  num- 
bers of  insects  they  destroy  must  be  immense.  Every- 
where they  may  be  seen ;  away  up  in  the  blue  sky,  as 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  they  are  coursing  in  wide- 


BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR. 

extended  circles,  chasing  each  other  in  sport,  and  even 
caressing  and  feeding  their  mates  while  on  the  wing.  A 
little  lower  they  are  speeding  over  the  tops  of  trees, 
gleaning  the  insects  that  have  just  left  the  foliage ;  over 
the  surface  of  the  lake  or  river  they  fly  so  low,  in  the 
pursuit  of  aquatic  insects  that  their  wings  often  touch 
the  water.  Everywhere  are  they  busy." 

THE   KINGBIRD   OR   BEE-MARTIN. 

The  true  Flycatchers  take  all  their  food  while  it  is 
flying  in  the  air,  though  they  do  not  sail  round,  like  a 
Swallow,  to  catch  it.  They  are  commonly  seated  quietly 
on  their  .perch,  and  seize  it  by  sallying  out  a  few  yards, 
and  then  returning.  If  we  watch  the  ways  either  of  the 
Kingbird  or  the  Pewee,  we  shall  observe  this  peculiar 
habit  of  all  the  Flycatchers.  One  of  the  most  common 
of  our  birds,  well  known  by  his  lively  manners,  his  shrill 
notes,  and  twittering  flight ;  always  apparently  idle,  sit- 
ting on  the  branch  of  a  tree  as  if  he  were  a  sentinel  of 
the  field,  is  the  Kingbird.  From  this  branch  you  may 
observe  his  frequent  sallies  when  darting  upon  his  prey. 
You  may  often  see  him  pursuing  a  Hawk  or  a  Crow,  and 
annoying  it  by  repeated  attacks,  always  made  in  the 
rear  of  his  victim.  His  usual  custom  is  to  rise  a  little 
above  the  object  of  his  harassment,  and  then  swoop  down 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  bird  cannot  turn  upon  him. 
I  have  frequently  seen  him  rise  almost  out  of  sight 
when  engaged  in  such  encounters.  His  victim  constantly 
endeavors  to  rise  above  his  pursuer,  while  the  Kingbird  by 
his  activity  as  invariably  balks  him.  I  could  never  deter- 
mine which  of  the  two  was  the  first  to  tire.  But  the  King- 
bird may  probably  be  relieved  by  another  of  his  species 
who  may  take  his  place.  This  pugnacious  habit  is  said 
to  continue  only  during  the  breeding-season. 


KING  BIRD 


172  BIRDS    OF    THE   AIR. 

It  is  amusing  to  watch  his  movements  when  flying. 
He  sails  rapidly  along  the  air  with  but  little  motion  of 
his  outspread  wings,  save  the  vibrations  of  his  extended 
feathers,  all  the  time  screaming  with  a  sharp  and  rapid 
twitter.  You  observe  this  habit  of  the  bird  at  short  dis- 
tances from  the  ground,  when  pursuing  an  insect.  Upon 
seizing  it  he  returns  immediately  to  his  post,  He  is 
watching  all  the  while  for  the  larger  insects.  He  will 
not  quit  his  perch,  upon  a  fence,  the  branch  of  a  tree, 
or  a  mullein-stalk,  to  catch  small  flies.  He  leaves  all 
minute -insects  to  the  Swallows  and  small  Flycatchers. 
The  farmers  complain  of  him  as  a  bee-eater,  whence  the 
name  of  Bee-Martin  which  is  often  applied  to  him. 
Some  observers  say  he  discriminates  between  the  differ- 
ent kinds  of  bees,  selecting  only  the  drones  for  his  re- 
past. But  among  the  offences  charged  against  him,  he 
is  never  accused  of  stealing  grain  or  fruit.  Hence  he  is 
seldom  molested,  and  enjoys  great  security  compared 
with  many  other  equally  useful  birds. 

The  Kingbird  has  not  much  beauty  of  plumage  ;  but  he 
is  so  neatly  marked  with  black  and  white,  with  a  bluish 
color  above,  and  a  white  band  at  the  extremity  of  his  dark 
tail-feathers,  and  he  displays  his  form  and  plumage  so 
gracefully  in  his  vibrating  flights,  that  he  cannot  escape; 
notice.  The  crest,  containing  a  vermilion  centre,  is 
hardly  discernible,  save  when  the  bird  is  excited,  when 
it  is  slightly  elevated.  The  Kingbird  more  frequently 
builds  in  an  orchard  than  in  a  wood,  an  open  cultivated 
place  being  more  productive  of  those  insects  which  afford 
him  subsistence. 


THE   PEWEE. 

If  we  stroll  at  any  hour  of  the  day  in  summer  and 
sit  under  a  rustic  bridge  for  coolness  or  shelter,  while 


BIRDS   OF   THE  AIR.  173 

watching  the  stream  and  listening  to  its  flow,  we  may 
hear  the  plaintive  cry  of  the  Pewee,  a  common  but  re- 
tiring bird,  whose  note  is  familiar  to  all.  He  seems  to 
court  solitude,  though  he  has  no  apparent  fear  in  the 
presence  of  man  ;  and  his  singular  note  harmonizes  with 
the  gloominess  of  his  retreat.  He  sits  for  the  most  part 
in  the  shade,  catching  his  insect  prey  without/  any  noise, 
but  after  seizing  it,  resuming  his  station.  This  movement 
is  performed  in  the  most  graceful  manner ;  and  he  often 
turns  a  somerset  or  appears  to  do  so,  if  the  insect  at  first 
evades  his  pursuit.  All  this  is  done  in  silence,  for  he  is 
no  singer.  The  only  sound  he  utters  beside  his  lament 
is  an  occasional  clicking  chirp.  All  the  day,  after  short 
intervals,  with  a  plaintive  cadence  he  modulates  the 
syllables  pe-wee.  As  the  male  and  the  female  can  hardly 
be  distinguished,  I  have  not  been  able  to  determine 
whether  this  sound  is  uttered  by  both  sexes  or  by  the 
male  only. 

So  plainly  expressive  of  sadness  is  this  remarkable 
note,  that  it  is  difficult  to  believe  the  little  creature 
that  utters  it  can  be  free  from  sorrow.  Certainly  he  has 
no  congeniality  with  the  sprightly  Bobolink.  Why  is  it 
that  two  simple  sounds  in  succession  can  produce  an 
effect  on  the  mind  as  intense  as  a  solemn  strain  of  arti- 
ficial music  and  excite  the  imagination  like  the  words  of 
poesy  ?  I  never  listen  to  the  note  of  the  Pewee  without 
imagining  that  something  is  expressed  by  it  that  is  be- 
yond our  ken ;  that  it  sounds  in  unison  with  some  one 
of  those  infinite  chords  of  intelligence  and  emotion,  which 
in  our  dreamy  moments  bring  us  undefinable  sensations 
of  beauty  and  mystery  and  sorrow.  Perhaps  with  the 
rest  of  his  species,  the  Pewee  represents  the  fragment 
of  a  superior  race  which,  according  to  the  metempsy- 
chosis, have  fallen  from  their  original  high  position 
among  exalted  beings;  and  this  melancholy  note  is 


174  BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR. 

but  the  partial  utterance  of  sorrow  that  still  lingers  in 
their  breasts  after  the  occasion  of  it  is  forgotten ! 

Though  a  retiring  bird,  the  Pewee  is  very  generally 
known  on  account  of  his  remarkable  note,  which  is  heard 
often  in  our  gardens  as  well  as  in  his  peculiar  habitats. 
Like  the  Cliff-Swallow,  he  builds  his  nest  under  a  shelter- 
ing roof  or  rock,  and  it  is  often  fixed  upon  a  beam  or  plank 
under  a  bridge.  There  are  no  prejudices  in  the  community 
against  this  species.  They  are  riot  destroyed  on  any  occa- 
sion. By  the  most  ordinary  observer  they  cannot  be  sus- 
pected of  doing  mischief  in  the  garden.  I  should  remark 
in  this  place,  that  the  Flycatchers  and  Swallows  and  a 
few  other  species  that  enjoy  immunity  in  our  land,  though 
multiplied  to  infinity,  would  perform  only  those  offices 
which  are  assigned  them  by  nature.  It  is  a  vain  hope 
that  while  employed  in  exterminating  any  species  of  small 
birds  their  places  can  be  supplied  and  their  services  per- 
formed by  other  species  which  are  allowed  to  multiply 
to  excess.  The  Swallow  and  the  Pewee,  with  all  their 
multitudinous  families,  will  not  perform  the  work  of  the 
Robin  or  the  Woodpecker,  nor  can  all  these  together  do 
the  work  of  the  Sylvians. 

WOOD-PEWEE. 

We  seldom  ramble  in  a  deep  wood  without  hearing  the 
feeble  and  plaintive  note  of  the  Wood-Pewee,  —  a  bird 
that  does  not  leave  the  forest,  and  is  therefore  less  known 
than  the  larger  species  that  builds  under  bridges  and  the 
eaves  of  old  houses.  The  Wood-Pewee  places  its  shallow 
nest  upon  some  large  branch  of  a  tree  without  any  protec- 
tion above  it,  and  it  is  chiefly  concealed  by  the  resem- 
blance of  its  materials  to  the  mosses  and  lichens  on  the 
bough.  Its  habits,  except  its  attachment  to  the  soli- 
tude of  the  wood,  differ  but  little  from  those  of  the  com- 


BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR.  175 

mon  Pewee.  It  seems  likewise  to  have  the  same  cheer- 
ful manners.  The  minor  notes  of  the  two  Pewees  serve, 
more  than  any  others  equally  simple,  to  harmonize  the 
anthem  of  Nature. 


THE   HUMMING-BIRD. 

The  Humming-Birds,  of  which  it  is  said  there  are  more 
than  four  hundred  species,  are  among  the  most  exquisite 
of  all  animated  beings.  They  unite  the  beauty  and  deli- 
cacy of  a  beautiful  insect  with  the  organization  and 
intelligence  of  a  creature  of  flesh  and  blood.  Of  all 
the  feathered  tribe,  none  will  compare  with  them  in 
the  minuteness  of  their  size.  The  splendor,  variety,  and 
changeableness  of  their  hues  are  no  less  admirable  than 
their  diminutiveness.  The  colors  of  the  rainbow  do  not 
surpass  those  of  many  of  the  species  either  in  beauty  or 
variety.  A  brilliant  metallic  lustre  greatly  enhances  all 
this  splendor.  The  variability  of  their  hues,  which  is  also 
observed  in  many  other  birds,  is  in  the  Humming-Birds 
almost  unaccountable.  Says  Dr.  Brewer  :  "  The  sides  of 
the  fibres  of  each  feather  are  of  a  different  color  from  the 
surface,  and  change  as  seen  in  a  front  or  an  oblique  direc- 
tion ;  and,  while  living,  these  birds  by  their  movements 
can  cause  their  feathers  to  change  very  suddenly  to 
different  hues.  Thus  the  Selasphorus  rufus  can  change  in 
a  twinkling  the  vivid  fire  color  of  its  expanded  throat  to 
a  light  green  ;  and  the  species  known  as  the  Mexican 
Star,  changes  from  a  light  crimson  to  an  equally  brilliant 
blue." 

Yet  with  all  their  beauty  of  color,  what  is  most  attrac- 
tive about  them  is  their  flight.  When  a  Humming-Bird 
is  flying,  so  rapid  are  the  motions  of  its  wings  that  it 
seems  like  the  body  of  a  bird  suspended  in  a  circle  of 
radiating  sunbeams,  or  like  one  in  the  midst  of  a  globe 


HUMMING  BIRDS  AND  THEIR  NESTS. 


BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR.  177 

of  down,  like  that  which  surrounds  the  receptacle  of  a 
ripened  dandelion  flower.  When  we  watch  the  flight  of 
a  short-winged  bird  like  the  Quail,  the  radiations  formed 
by  the  rapid  motions  of  its  wings  make  only  a  semicircle. 
In  the  Humming-Bird  they  form  a  complete  circle  of 
luminous  rays.  This  flight,  which  resembles  that  of  cer- 
tain insects,  is  the  more  remarkable  on  account  of  the 
extraordinary  length  of  its  wings,  which  would  lead  us  to 
infer  that  they  would  be  incapable  of  such  rapid  motion 
by  the  muscular  force  of  so  small  a  body.  The  wings  of 
those  moths  and  beetles  which  have  a  similar  movement 
bear  no  proportion  to  the  length  of  the  Humming-Bird's 
wing,  compared  with  the  size  of  the  body  of  the  insect  and 
of  the  bird.  It  is  the  rapid  vibration  of  the  wings,  pro- 
ducing a  sound  like  the  spinning  of  a  top,  that  has  given 
to  this  family  of  birds  the  name  by  which  they  are  desig- 
nated. 

While  hovering  before  a  flower,  this  hum  is  plainly 
audible  ;  but  when  the  bird  darts  off  to  another  place  the 
tone  produced  by  these  vibrations  is  plainly  raised  to  a 
higher  key,  as  it  spins  like  an  arrow  through  the  air. 
Dr.  Brewer,  alluding  to  the  Swiss  philosopher  Saussure, 
says :  "  On  the  first  visit  of  this  naturalist  to  a  savanna  in 
the  island  of  Jamaica,  he  noticed  what  he  at  first  took  to 
be  a  brilliant  green  insect,  of  rapid  flight,  approaching 
him  by  successive  alternations  of  movements  and  pauses, 
and  rapidly  gliding  among  and  over  the  network  of  inter- 
lacing shrubs.  He  was  surprised  by  the  extraordinary 
dexterity  with  which  it  avoided  the  movements  of  his 
net,  and  yet  more  astonished  to  find,  when  he  had  cap- 
tured it,  that  he  had  taken  a  bird  and  not  an  insect." 

The  largest  known  Humming-Bird  is  about  the  size  of 
the  Chimney-Swallow ;  and  so  great  is  the  disparity  in 
the  size  of  the  different  species,  that  when  confined  in  a 

cage,  and  the  perch   "has   been  occupied  by  the  great 

12 


178  BIRDS   OF   THE   AIR. 

Blue-throated  Humming-Bird,  the  diminutive  Mexican 
Star  has  settled  on  the  long  beak  of  the  former,  and  re- 
mained perched  on  it  some  minutes  without  its  offering 
to  resist  the  insult."  Some  of  the  species  are  so  small 
that  if  they  flew  by  night  they  might  be  swallowed  alive 
by  one  of  the  smaller  Owls  as  easily  as  a  beetle. 

The  Humming-Bird  was  formerly  supposed  to  feed 
entirely  on  the  nectar  of.  the  flowers  it  was  seen  so  con- 
stantly to  visit.  It  is  now  well  ascertained  that  its  chief 
subsistence  is  made  up  of  small  insects  which  it  takes 
from  the  flower.  But  the  ancient  opinion  was  not  en- 
tirely a  fallacy,  since  a  portion  of  the  nectar  of  the  flower 
is  taken  with  the  insects,  and  supplies  to  the  Humming- 
Bird  that  kind  of  nourishment  which  the  larger  insec- 
tivorous birds  derive  from  fruit.  Dr.  Brewer  says  "  the 
young  birds  feed  by  putting  their  own  bills  down  the 
throats  of  their  parents,  sucking  probably  a  prepared 
sustenance  of  nectar  and  fragments  of  insects."  The 
bird  uses  his  tongue  both  for  capturing  insects  and  for 
sucking  the  drops  of  dew  and  nectarine  juices  contained 
in  the  flower. 

Notwithstanding  the  small  size  of  the  whole  tribe  of 
Humming-Birds,  they  are  notoriously  the  most  courageous 
and  combative  birds  in  existence.  Their  sharp  bills,  their 
rapid  flight,  the  electric  quickness  of  their  manoeuvres, 
render  them  so  dangerous  that  no  bird  whom  parties  of 
them  choose  to  attack  can  escape  unharmed. 

I  once  discovered  a  nest  of  the  Humming-Bird  in  my 
own  garden,  upon  the  horizontal  bough  of  an  old  apple- 
tree.  It  was  placed  near  the  end  of  the  bough,  about 
five  feet  from  the  ground.  It  was  built,  as  all  writers 
have  described  other  nests  of  Humming-Birds,  of  ferns 
and  mosses,  with  lichens  glued  together,  perhaps  from 
being  collected  while  they  were  damp.  It  contained  two 
eggs  about  the  size  of  a  pea-bean. 


SWALLOWS:  THETE   HIBEBNATION. 

THERE  is  not  much  that  is  interesting  to  be  said  of 
swallows,  which  are  not  singing-birds,  and  do  not  by 
their  aerial  flights  attract  attention,  as  if  they  were  seen 
creeping  on  the  branches  of  trees,  and  associated  with 
their  flowers.  We  watch  with  admiration  their  rapid 
movements  through  the  air,  their  horizontal  flight  along 
the  surface  of  some  still  water,  and  are  charmed  with 
their  twittering  when  assembled  round  their  .  nests. 
There  was  once  a  lively  controversy  in  relation  to  the 
manner  in  which  swallows  pass  the  winter.  The  opin- 
ion of  naturalists  in  Sweden  and  in  the  North  of  Eu- 
rope, among  whom  we  may  name  Linnaeus  and  Kalm, 
was  that  swallows  buried  themselves  in  water  under 
the  freezing-line,  or  slept  in  the  crevices  of  rocks.  This 
theory  has  been  discarded  by  modern  naturalists,  who 
have  authentic  accounts  of  flocks  of  swallows  which 
have  settled  upon  the  masts  and  sails  of  ships  when  on 
their  passage  to  or  from  the  countries  where  they  pass 
the  winter.  Still,  the  mystery  is  not  cleared  up. 

White  of  Selborne  mentions  a  week  in  March  that 
was  attended  by  very  hot  weather,  when  many  species 
of  insects  came  forth,  and  many  house-swallows  appeared. 
On  the  immediate  succession  of  severe  cold  weather,  the 
swallows  disappeared  and  were  seen  no  more  until  April. 
He  mentions  another  instance  recorded  in  his  journal,  of 
the  reappearance  of  swallows  after  a  month's  absence,  on 
the  4th  of  November,  just  for  one  day,  which  was  remark- 
ably warm,  playing  about  at  their  leisure,  as  if  they  were 


SWALLOWS. 


SWALLOWS:    THEIR   HIBERNATION.  181 

near  their  place  of  retreat.  On  the  same  day,  more  than 
twenty  house-martins  appeared,  which  had  retired  with- 
out exception  on  the  7th  day  of  the  October  previous. 
He  adds  that  whenever  the  thermometer  is  above  50°, 
the  bat  flits  out  during  any  autumn  or  winter  month.. 
The  author  concludes  that  two  whole  species  of  swal- 
lows, or  at  least  a  large  proportion  of  them  in  Great 
Britain,  never  leave  the  island,  but  remain  torpid  in  some 
place  of  retreat ;  for  he  remarks,  "  We  cannot  suppose 
that,  after  a  month's  absence,  house-martins  can  return 
from  Southern  regions,  to  appear  for  one  morning  in 
November ;  or  that  house-swallows  should  leave  the 
districts  of  Africa,  to  enjoy  in  March  the  transient 
summer  of  a  couple  of  days." 

Daines  Barrington  testifies  that  he  has  in  many  in- 
stances known  martins  to  reappear  during  warm  days  in 
different  parts  of  the  winter,  but  he  is  not  sure  that  he 
has  ever  seen  swallows  at  such  times.  He  thinks,  there- 
fore, that  martins  conceal  themselves  in  crevices  of  rocks, 
from  which  on  a  -warm  day  they  can  emerge ;  but  swal- 
lows, which  are  buried  under  water,  cannot  feel  the  influ- 
ence of  a  short  period  of  warm  weather.  The  treatises 
on  Ornithology  written  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe 
allude  frequently,  as  if  it  were  an  established  fact,  to  the 
submersion  of  swallows  during  the  winter.  Peter  Brown, 
a  Norwegian  painter,  informed  Mr.  Barrington  that  while 
he  was  at  school  near  Sheen,  he  and  his  comrades  con- 
stantly found  swallows  in  numbers  torpid  under  the  ice 
that  covered  bays,  and  that  they  wrould  revive  if  placed 
in  a  warm  room.  The  author  of  a  paper  read  before  the 
Academy  of  Upsal  mentions  the  submersion  of  swallows 
as  a  known  fact  in  that  part  of  the  world.  Among  the 
superstitions  associated  with  this  belief,  Pantoffidan  re- 
lates that  swallows  before  they  sink  under  water  sing  the 
Swallow  Song,  as  it  is  called,  and  which  everybody  knows. 


182  SWALLOWS:    THEIR    HIBERNATION. 

A  gentleman  of  science  informed  Mr.  Barrington  that 
when  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age,  a  pond  belonging  to 
his  father,  who  was  a  vicar  in  Berkshire,  was  cleared  out 
in  February.  While  the  workmen  were  clearing  it,  he 
picked  up  a  cluster  of  three  or  four  swallows  that  were 
caked  in  the  mud,  and  they  revived  and  flew  about  when 
carried  to  a  warm  room.  Mr.  Barrington  records  many 
similar  facts,  for  which  I  have  no  space.  In  one  instance 
swallows  were  taken  out  of  a  mass  of  solid  ice,  and  were 
brought  to  life  by  the  application  of  heat. 

He  thinks  swallows  only  are  ever  submerged  in  water 
or  mud,  but  that  martins  retire  to  fissures  in  rocks  or  to 
some  lurking-places  in  the  ground.  He  mentions  a  boat- 
man who  had  seen  thousands  of  martins  in  the  crevices 
of  a  rock,  and  that  they  would  revive  when  taken  into  a 
warm  room.  Kalm  also  relates,  in  his  "  Travels  in  Amer- 
ica," that  they  have  been  found  torpid  in  holes  and  clefts 
of  rocks  near  Albany,  New  York.  Mr.  McKenzie,  being 
at  Lord  Stafford's  in  Yorkshire,  near  the  end  of  October, 
a  conversation  began  about  swallows  crossing  the  seas. 
This  the  game-keeper  disbelieved,  and  said  he  would 
carry  any  one  to  some  neighboring  coal-works,  where  he 
was  sure  of  finding  them  at  that  time.  Some  of  the 
servants  attended  him  to  the  coal-pits,  where  several 
martins  were  found  in  a  torpid  state,  but  w^ould  show 
life  when  warmed. 

Mr.  Barrington  concludes  from  all  these  facts  that 
martins  appear  occasionally  throughout  the  winter,  when 
the  weather  is  mild  ;  but  he  had  heard  no  well-attested 
cases  of  the  reappearance  of  sand-martins  during  the 
winter;  he  cannot  conjecture  where  they  conceal  them- 
selves, but  he  is  positive  they  do  not  winter  in  their 
holes.  He  expresses  his  belief  in  the  impossibility  of 
their  making  a  journey  across  the  seas  to  Africa,  and 
doubts  the  few  recorded  instances  of  their  alighting  on 


SWALLOWS  :    THEIR   HIBERNATION.  183 

the  masts  of  vessels  on  their  journeys  of  migration.  If 
this  theory  of  the  migration  of  swallows  be  true,  it  must 
be  true  of  those  in  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of 
Asia.  On  the  contrary,  they  hide  themselves  in  the 
banks  of  the  Ganges,  during  the  three  so-called  winter 
months  in  that  part  of  the  world.  Du  Tertre  mentions 
that  the  few  swallows  seen  in  the  Caribbee  Isles  are  only 
observed  in  summer,  as  in  France.  We  are  assured  by 
Dr.  Pallas,  that  not  only  are  there  swallows  in  Russia 
and  Siberia,  but  that  on  the  banks  of  the  Wolga,  latitude 
57°,  they  disappeared  about  the  fourth  of  August.  These 
birds,  according  to  the  theory  of  migration,  ought  to  have 
been  passing  to  the  more  southern  parts  of  Asia.  Yet  it 
has  not  been  observed  by  any  Asiatic  traveller  that  they 
have  the  same  species  of  swallow,  or  that  they  are  seen 
in  those  parts  during  our  winter. 

As  an  objection  to  the  theory  of  the  torpidity  of  swal- 
lows as  their  mode  of  hibernation,  it  is  asked  where  and 
when  they  moult,  if  not  in  regions  south  of  Europe,  as 
they  do  not  moult  before  their  disappearance.  This  is  an 
objection  that  Mr.  Barrington  fails  to  answer.  It  is  im- 
possible, however,  that  their  moulting  can  happen  when 
submerged  in  water  or  torpid  in  some  concealed  resort. 
The  functions  of  the  animal  economy  would  be  unable  to 
supply  a  new  plumage  while  the  system  is  in  this  state. 
I  would  suggest,  if  the  theory  of  their  torpidity  were 
proved,  that  they  may  drop  their  feathers  one  by  one, 
during  all  their  active  season  of  flight,  as  human  hair  is 
shed.  Still,  I  cannot  but  think  it  more  probable  that 
swallows  leave  their  northern  habitats  very  early  in  the 
season,  that  they  may  arrive  at  their  winter-quarters  just 
before  the  season  of  moulting;  and  that  the  cause  of 
their  remaining  undiscovered  during  their  residence  in 
the  warm  regions  to  which  they  resort  is,  that  while 
moulting  they  live  upon  the  ground  in  shelters  of  thicket, 


184  SWALLOWS:   THEIR  HIBERNATION. 

not  being  able  to  fly,  and  subsist  up#n  a  diet  which  they 
pick  up  from  the  ground. 

But  this  does  not  explain  the  moulting  of  those  swal- 
lows and  martins,  few  or  many,  which  have  been  proved 
to  remain  torpid  in  northern  countries.  Do  these  come 
out  in  the  spring  only  to  die,  or  do  they  perish  in  their 
winter  retreats  and  never  revive  ?  If  they  are  destined 
to  perish  here,  why  has  Nature  provided  them  with  an 
instinct  which  answers  no  purpose  whatever  in  their 
economy  ?  If  this  submersion  is  only  a  method  of 
suicide,  why  do  they  not  perish  immediately,  instead 
of  lingering  along  during  the  whole  winter  to  die  at 
the  end  of  this  season  ?  And  if  they  do  not  perish  at 
this  time,  but  awake  and  revive  like  bats  and  dormice, 
the  most  important  question  is,  not  where  and  when  they 
moult,  but  why  Nature  has  provided  migration  for  a  part 
of  each  swallow  family,  and  a  torpid  sleep  under  water, 
and  in  crevices  of  rocks,  for  the  remainder  of  the  same 
families.  I  cannot  but  conclude  that  there  is  yet  the 
greatest  burden  of  proof  remaining  with  those  who  main- 
tain the  theory  of  migration. 


OCTOBER 

THE  cool  and  temperate  breezes  that  prevail  at  this 
time  almost  constantly  from  the  west,  attended  with  a 
clear  sky,  announce  the  brilliant  month  of  October  with 
a  climate  that  alternately  chills  the  frame  with  frosty 
vapors  by  night  and  enlivens  the  heart  with  beauty  and 
sunshine  by  day.  At  sunrise  the  villagers  are  gath- 
ered round  their  fires  shivering  with  cold ;  the  chirping 
insects  also  have  crept  into  their  shelters  and  are  silent. 
But  ere  the  sun  has  gained  half  his  meridian  height  the 
villagers  have  forsaken  their  fires,  and  are  busy  in  the 
orchards  beneath  the  glowing  sunshine  ;  and  the  insects, 
aroused  from  their  torpor  and  warmed  into  new  life,  are 
again  chirping  as'  merrily  as  in  August,  and  multitudes 
that  could  hardly  creep  with  torpor  in  the  morning  are 
now  darting  and  spinning  in  the  grassy  meadows. 

There  are  occasional  dull  and  cloudy  days  in  October, 
the  dreary  precursors  of  approaching  winter  ;  but  they 
are  generally  bright  and  clear,  and  unequalled  by  those 
of  any  other  month  in  salubrity.  There  are  no  sleep- 
ing mists  drawn  over  the  skies  to  obscure  the  trans- 
parency of  the  atmosphere ;  but  far  as  the  eye  can 
reach,  the  distant  hills  lift  up  their  heads  with  a  clear, 
unclouded  outline,  and  the  blue  arch  of  heaven  preserver 
its  deep  azure  down  almost  to  the  horizon.  In  the  morn- 
ings of  such  days  a  white  fleecy  cloud  is  settled  upon  the 
streams  and  lowlands,  in  which  the  early  sunbeams  are 
refracted  with  all  the  myriad  hues  of  dawn,  forming  halos 
and  imperfect  rainbows  that  seem  to  be  pictured  on  a 


186  OCTOBER. 

groundwork  of  drifted  snow.  By  this  vapor,  nearly  mo- 
tionless at  sunrise,  we  may  trace  the  winding  course  of 
the  small  rivers  far  along  through  the  distant  prospect. 
But  the  sun  quickly  dissipates  this  fleecy  cloud.  As  the 
winds  float  it  slowly  and  gracefully  over  the  plains,  it 
melts  into  transparency  ;  and  ere  the  sun  has  gained  ten 
degrees  in  his  orbit,  the  last  feathery  fragment  has  van- 
ished and  left  him  in  the  clear  blue  firmament  without 
one  shadow  to  tarnish  his  glory. 

October  is  the  most,  brilliant  of  the  months,  unsurpassed 
in  the  clearness  of  its  skies  and  in  the  wonderful  variety 
of  tints  that  are  sprinkled  over  all  vegetation.  He  who 
has  an  eye  for  beautiful  colors  must  ever  admire  the  scen- 
ery of  this  last  month  of  foliage  and  flowers.  As  Nature 
loses  the  delicacy  of  her  charms,  she  is  more  lavish  of  the 
gaudy  decorations  with  which  she  embroiders  her  apparel. 
While  she  appears  before  us  in  her  living  attire,  from 
spring  to  autumn  she  is  constantly  changing  her  vesture 
with  each  passing  month.  The  flowers  that  spangle  the 
green  turf  or  wreathe  themselves  upon  the  trees  and 
vines,  and  the  herbage  with  all  its  various  shades  of  ver- 
dure, constitute,  with  their  successive  changes,  her  spring 
and  summer  adornment ;  but  ere  the  fall  of  the  leaf  she 
makes  herself  garlands  of  the  ripened  foliage,  and  crowns 
the  brows  of  her  mountains  and  the  bosoms  of  her  groves 
with  the  most  beautiful  array. 

Though  the  present  is  a  melancholy  time  of  the  year, 
we  are  preserved  from  cheerless  reflections  by  the  bright- 
ness of  the  sunshine  and  the  interminable  beauty  of  the 
landscape.  The  sky  in  clear  weather  is  of  the  deepest 
blue  ;  and  the  ocean  and  the  lakes,  slightly  ruffled  by  the 
October  winds,  which  are  seldom  tranquil,  have  a  pecu- 
liar depth  of  coloring,  unwitnessed  when  their  surface  is 
calm.  Diverted  by  the  unusual  charms  of  Nature,  while 
we  look  with  a  mournful  heart  upon  the  graves  of  the 


OCTOBER.  187 

flowers,  we  turn  our  eyes  upward  and  around  us,  where 
the  woods  are  glowing  like  a  wilderness  of  roses,  and 
forget  in  our  ravishment  the  beautiful  things  we  have 
lost.  As  the  flowers  wither  and  vanish  from  our  sight, 
their  colors  seem  to  revive  in  the  foliage  of  the  trees,  as 
if  each  dying  blossom  had  bequeathed  its  beauty  to  the 
forest  boughs,  that  had  protected  it  during  the  year.  The 
trees  are  one  by  one  putting  aside  their  vestures  of  green 
and  slowly  assuming  their  new  robes  of  many  hues. 
From  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  month  the  land- 
scape suffers  a  complete  metamorphosis ;  and  October 
may  be  said  to  represent  in  the  successive  changes  of  its 
aspect  all  the  floral  beauty  of  spring  and  summer. 

Unaffected  by  the  late  frosts,  the  grass  is  still  green 
from  the  valleys  to  the  hill-tops,  arid  many  a  flower  is 
still  smiling  upon  us  as  if  there  were  no  winter  in  the 
year.  Many  fair  ones  still  linger  in  their  cheerful  but 
faded  bowers,  the  emblems  of  contentment,  seeming  per- 
fectly happy  if  they  can  but  greet  a  few  beams  of  sun- 
shine to  temper  the  frosty  gales.  In  wet  places  I  still 
behold  the  lovely  neottia  with  its  small  white  plumes 
arranged  in  a  spiral  line  about  their  stems,  and  giving 
out  the  delicate  incense  of  a  lily.  The  purple  gerardia, 
too.  has  not  yet  forsaken  us,  arid  the  gentians  will  wait 
till  another  month  before  they  wholly  leave  our  borders. 

If  we  quit  the  fields  we  find  in  the  gardens  a  profu- 
sion of  lovely  exotics.  Dahlias  and  fuchsias,  and  many 
other  plants  that  were  created  to  embellish  other  climes, 
are  rewarding  the  hands  that  cherished  them  with  their 
fairest  forms  and  hues.  All  these  are  destined,  not,  like 
the  flowers  of  our  own  clime,  to  live  throughout  their 
natural  period,  and  then  sink  quietly  into  decay,  but  to 
be  cut  down  by  frosts  in  the  very  summer  of  their  love- 
liness. 


BIRDS  OF  THE  NIGHT. 

NUMEROUS  swarms  of  insects  and  many  small  quadru- 
peds that  require  darkness  for  their  security  come  abroad 
only  during  the  night  or  twilight.  These  creatures  would 
multiply  almost  without  check,  were  it  not  that  certain 
birds,  having  the  power  of  seeing  in  the  dark,  and  being 
partially  blinded  by  daylight,  are  forced  to  seek  their  food 
in  the  night.  Many  species  of  insects,  not  strictly  noc- 
turnal, —  those  in  particular  that  pass  their  life  chiefly  in 
the  air,  —  are  most  active  after  dewfall.  Hence  the  very 
late  hour  at  which  certain  species  of  Swallows  retire  to 
rest,  the  period  of  sunset  and  early  twilight  affording 
them  a  fuller  repast  than  any  other  part  of  the  day. 
No  sooner  has  the  Swallow  gone  to  rest  than  the  Night- 
Jar  and  Whippoorwill  come  forth  to  prey  on  the  larger 
kinds  of  aerial  insects.  The  bat,  an  animal  of  antediluvian 
type,  comes  out  a  little  earlier,  and  assists  in  lessening 
these  multitudinous  swarms.  The  small  Owls,  though 
they  pursue  the  larger  beetles  and  moths,  direct  their 
efforts  chiefly  at  the  small  quadrupeds  that  steal  out  in 
the  twilight  to  nibble  the  tender  herbs  and  grasses.  Thus, 
the  night,  except  the  hours  of  total  darkness,  is  with  many 
species  of  animals,  though  they  pursue  their  objects  with 
great  stillness  and  silence,  a  period  of  general  activity. 

The  birds  of  the  night  may  be  classed  under  two 
heads,  including,  beside  the  true  nocturnal  birds,  that  go 
abroad  in  the  night  to  seek  their  subsistence,  those  diur- 
nal birds  that  continue  their  songs.  There  are  other  spe- 
cies that  are  quiet  both  at  noonday  and  midnight.  Such 


190  BIRDS   OF   THE  NIGHT. 

is  the  Chimney-Swallow.  This  bird  employs  the  middle 
of  the  day  in  sleep  after  excessive  activity  from  the  ear- 
liest dawn.  It  is  seen  afterwards  circling  about  at  the 
decline  of  day,  and  is  sometimes  abroad  in  fine  weather 
the  greater  part  of  the  night,  when  the  young  require 
almost  unremitted  exertions  on  the  part  of  the  old  birds 
to  procure  their  subsistence. 

The  true  nocturnal  birds,  of  which  the  Owl  and  the 
Whippoorwill  are  prominent  examples,  are  distinguished 
by  a  peculiar  sensibility  of  the  eye  that  enables  them  to 
see  clearly  by  twilight  and  in  cloudy  weather,  while  they 
are  dazzled  by  the  broad  light  of  day.  Their  organs  of 
hearing  are  proportionally  delicate  and  acute.  Their 
wing-feathers  have  a  peculiar  downy  softness,  so  that  they 
move  through  the  air  without  the  usual  fluttering  sounds 
that  attend  the  flight  of  other  birds.  Hence  they  are 
able  to  steal  unawares  upon  their  prey,  and  to  make  their 
predal  excursions  without  disturbing  the  general  silence 
of  the  hour.  This  noiseless  flight  is  remarkable  in  the 
Owl,  as  may  be  observed  if  a  tame  one  is  confined  in  a 
room,  when  we  can  perceive  his  motions  only  by  our 
sight.  It  is  remarkable  that  this  peculiar  structure  of  the 
wing-feathers  does  not  exist  in  the  Woodcock,  which  is  a 
nocturnal  feeder.  Nature  makes  no  useless  provisions  for 
her  creatures.  Hence  this  bird,  that  obtains  its  food  by 
digging  into  the  ground  and  takes  no  part  of  it  while  on 
the  wing,  has  no  need  of  such  a  contrivance.  Neither 
stillness  nor  stealth  would  assist  him  in  digging  for  his 
helpless  prey. 

THE   OWL. 

Among  the  nocturnal  birds  the  most  celebrated  is  the 
Owl,  of  which  there  are  many  species,  varying  from  the 
size  of  an  Eagle  down  to  the  Acadian,  which  is  no  larger 


BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT.  191 

than  a  Eobiu.  The  resemblance  of  the  Owl  to  the  feline 
race  has  been  a  frequent  subject  of  remark.  Like  the 
cat,  he  sees  most  clearly  by  twilight  or  the  light  of  the 
moon,  seeks  his  prey  in  the  night,  and  spends  the  greater 
part  of  the  day  in  sleep.  This  likeness  is  made  stronger 
by  his  earlike  tufts  of  feathers,  that  correspond  with  the 
ears  of  a  quadruped ;  by  his  large  head  ;  his  round,  full, 
and  glaring  eyes,  set  widely  apart ;  by  the  extreme  con- 
tractility of  the  pupil ;  and  by  his  peculiar  habit  of  sur- 
prising his  victims  by  watchfulness  and  stealth.  His 
eyes  are  partially  encircled  by  a  disk  of  feathers,  giving 
a  remarkably  significant  expression  to  his  face.  His 
hooked  bill,  turned  downwards  so  as  to  resemble  the  nose 
in  the  human  face,  the  general  flatness  of  his  features, 
and  his  upright  position  produce  a  grave  and  intelligent 
look.  It  was  this  expression  that  caused  him  to  be 
selected  by  the  ancients  as  the  emblem  of  wisdom  and 
to  be  consecrated  to  Minerva. 

The  Owl  is  remarkable  for  the  acuteness  of  his  hearing, 
having  a  large  ear-drum  and  being  provided  with  an  ap- 
paratus by  which  he  can  exalt  this  faculty  when  he  wishes 
to  listen  with  great  attention.  Hence,  while  he  is  noise- 
less in  his  own  motions,  he  is  able  to  perceive  the  least 
sound  from  the  motion  of  any  other  object,  and  overtakes 
his  prey  by  coming  upon  it  in  silence  and  darkness.  The 
stillness  of  his  flight  adds  mystery  to  his  character,  and 
assists  in  making  him  an  object  of  superstitious  dread. 
Aware  of  his  defenceless  condition  in  the  bright  daylight, 
when  his  purblindness  would  prevent  him  from  evading 
the  attacks  of  his  enemies,  he  seeks  some  secure  retreat 
where  he  may  pass  the  day  unexposed  to  observation. 

It  is  this  necessity  which  has  caused  him  to  make  his 
abode  in  desolate  and  ruined  buildings,  in  old  towers 
and  belfries,  and  in  the  crevices  of  dilapidated  walls,  In 
these  places  he  hides  from  the  sight  of  other  birds,  who 


192  BIRDS   OF   THE  NIGHT. 

regard  him  as  a  common  enemy,  and  who  show  him  no 
mercy  when  they  have  discovered  him.  Here  also  he 
rears  his  offspring,  and  we  associate  his  image  with  these 
solitary  haunts,  as  that  of  the  Loon  with  our  secluded 
lakes.  In  thinly  settled  and  wooded  countries,  he  selects 
the  hollows,  of  old  trees  arid  the  clefts  of  rocks  for  his 
retreats.  All  the  smaller  Owls,  however,  seem  to  multi- 
ply with  the  increase  of  human  population,  subsisting 
upon  the  minute  animals  that  accumulate  in  outhouses, 
orchards,  and  fallows. 

When  the  Owl  is  discovered  in  his  hiding-place,  the 
alarm  is  given,  and  there  is  a  general  excitement  among 
the  small  birds.  They  assemble  in  great  numbers,  and 
with  loud  chattering  assail  and  annoy  him  in  various 
ways,  and  soon  drive  him  out  of  his  retreat.  The  Jay, 
commonly  his  first  assailant,  like  a  thief  employed  as  a 
thief-taker,  attacks  him  with  great  zeal  and  animation. 
The  Chickadee,  the  Nuthatch,  and  the  Eed-thrush  peck 
at  his  head  and  eyes,  while  other  birds  less  bold  fly  round 
him,  and  by  their  vociferation  encourage  his  assailants 
and  increase  the  terror  of  their  victim. 

It  is  while  sitting  on  the  branch  of  a  tree  or  on  a  fence 
after  his  misfortune  and  escape  that  he  is  most  frequently 
seen  in  the  daytime.  Here  he  has  formed  a  subject  for 
painters,  who  have  generally  introduced  him  into  their 
pictures  as  he  appears  in  one  of  these  open  situations. 
He  is  sometimes  represented  ensconced  in  his  own  select 
retreat,  apparently  peeping  out  of  his  hiding-place  and 
only  half  concealed;  and  the  discovery  of  him  in  such 
lonely  places  has  caused  the  supernatural  horrors  attached 
to  his  image.  His  voice  is  supposed  to  bode  misfortune, 
and  his  spectral  visits  are  regarded  as  the  forerunners  of 
death.  His  occupancy  of  deserted  houses  and  ruins  has 
invested  him  with  a  romantic  character,  while  the  poets, 
by  introducing  him  to  deepen  the  force  of  their  pathetic 


BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT.  193 

or  gloomy  descriptions,  have  enlivened  our  associations 
connected  with  his  image ;  and  he  deserves  therefore  in  a 
special  degree  to  be  classed  among  those"  animals  which 
we  call  picturesque 

Though  the  Owl  was  selected  by  the  ancients  as  the 
emblem  of  wisdom,  the  moderns  have  practically  re- 
nounced this  idea,  which  had  its  foundation  in  the  gravity 
and  not  in  the  real  character  of  the  bird,  which  possesses 
only  the  sly  and  sinister  traits  that  mark  the  feline  race. 
A  very  different  train  of  associations  and  a  new  series  of 
picturesque  images  are  now  suggested  by  the  figure  of  the 
Owl,  who  has  been  more  correctly  portrayed  by  modern 
poetry  than  by  ancient  mythology.  He  is  now  univer- 
sally regarded  as  the  emblem  of  ruins  and  of  desolation, 
—  true  to  his  character  and  habits,  which  are  intimately 
allied  with  this  description  of  scenery. 

I  will  not  enter  into  a  speculation  concerning  the  na- 
ture arid  origin  of  those  agreeable  emotions  which  are  so 
generally  produced  by  the  sight  of  objects  that  suggest 
ideas  of  ruins.  -It  is  happy  for  us  that  by  the  alchemy 
of  poetry  we  are  able  to  turn  some  of  our  misfortunes 
into  sources  of  melancholy  pleasure,  after  the  poignancy 
of  grief  has  been  assuaged  by  time.  Nature  has  also 
benevolently  provided  that  many  an  object  that  is  capa- 
ble of  communicating  no  direct  pleasure  to  our  senses 
shall  affect  us  agreeably  through  the  medium  of  sentiment. 
Thus,  the  image  of  the  Owl  awakens  the  sentiment  of 
ruin ;  and  to  this  feeling  of  the  human  soul  we  may  trace 
the  pleasure  we  derive  from  the  sight  of  this  bird  in  his 
appropriate  scenery.  Two  Doves  upon  the  mossy  branch 
of  a  tree,  in  a  wild  and  beautiful  sylvan  retreat,  are  the 
pleasing  emblems  of  love  and  constancy;  but  they  are 
not  more  suggestive  of  poetic  fancies  than  an  Owl  sitting 
upon  an  old  gate-post  near  a  deserted  house. 

I  have  alluded  in  another  page  to  the  faint  sounds  we 
l 


194  BIRDS  OF   THE  NIGHT. 

hear  when  the  birds  of  night,  on  a  still  summer  evening, 
are  flying  over  short  distances  in  a  neighboring  wood. 
There  is  a  feeling  of  mystery  awakened  by  these  sounds 
that  exalts  the  pleasure  we  derive  from  the  delightful  in- 
fluence of  the  hour  and  the  season.  But  the  emotions 
thus  produced  are  of  a  cheerful  kind,  slightly  imbued 
with  sadness,  and  not  equal  in  intensity  to  the  effects  of 
the  hardly  perceptible  sound  occasioned  by  the  flight  of 
the  Owl  as  he  glides  by  in  the  dusk  of  evening  or  in  the 
dim  light  of  the  moon.  Similar  in  effect  is  the  dismal 
voice  of  this  bird,  which  is  harmonized  with  darkness, 
and,  though  in  some  cases  not  unmusical,  is  tuned  as  it 
were  to  the  terrors  of  that  hour  when  he  makes  secret 
warfare  upon  the  sleeping  inhabitants  of  the  wood. 

THE  ACADIAN   OWL,   OR   SAW-WHETTER. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  this  family  of  birds  is 
the  little  Acadian  Owl,  whose  note  formerly  excited 
much  curiosity.  In  the  "  Canadian  Naturalist "  an  ac- 
count is  given  of  a  rural  excursion  in  April,  when  the 
attention  of  the  party  was  called,  just  after  sunset,  to  a 
peculiar  sound  heard  in  a  cedar-swamp.  It  was  compared 
to  the  measured  tinkling  of  a  cowbell,  or  to  regular 
strokes  upon  a  piece  of  iron  quickly  repeated.  One  of 
the  party,  who  could  not  describe  the  bird,  remembered 
that  "  during  the  months  of  April  and  May,  and  in  the 
former  part  of  June,  we  frequently  hear  after  nightfall 
the  sound  just  described.  From  its  regularity  it  is 
thought  to  resemble  the  whetting  of  a  saw,  and  hence  the 
bird  from  which  it  proceeds  is  called  the  Saw-Whetter." 

These  singular  sounds  are  the  notes  of  the  Acadian 
Owl.  They  are  like  the  sound  produced  by  the  filing  of 
a  mill-saw,  and  are  said  to  be  the  amatory  note  of  the 
male,  being  heard  only  during  the  season  of  incubation. 


BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT.  195 

Mr.  S.  P.  Fowler  informed  me  by  letter  that  "  the  Acadian 
Owl  has  another  note  which  we  frequently  hear  in  the 
autumn  after  the  breeding  season  is  over.  The  parent 
birds,  then  accompanied  by  their  young,  while  hunting 
their  prey  in  the  moonlight,  utter  a  peculiar  note  resem- 
bling a  suppressed  moan  or  low  whistle.  The  little  Aca- 
dian, to  avoid  the  annoyance  of  the  birds  he  would  meet 
by  day,  and  the  blinding  light  of  the  sun,  retires  in  the 
morning,  his  feathers  wet  with  dew  and  rumpled  by  the 
hard  struggles  he  has  encountered  in  seizing  his  prey,  to 
the  gloom  of  the  forest  or  the  thick  swamp.  There, 
perched  on  a  bough  near  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  he  sleeps 
through  a  summer's  day,  the  perfect  picture  of  a  used-up 
little  fellow,  suffering  the  evil  effects  of  a  night's  carouse." 

THE   SCREECH-OWL. 

The  Mottled  Owl,  or  Screech-owl,  is  somewhat  larger 
than  the  Acadian,  or  Whetsaw,  but  not  so  familiar  as  the 
Barn  Owl  of  Europe,  which  he  resembles.  He  builds  in 
the  hollows  of  old  trees  and  in  deserted  buildings,  whither 
he  resorts  in  the  daytime  for  repose  and  security.  His 
voice  is  heard  most  frequently  in  the  latter  part  of  sum- 
mer, when  the  young  owlets  are  abroad.  They  use  their 
cries  for  mutual  salutation  and  recognition.  The  wailing 
note  of  this  Owl  is  singularly  wild  and  not  unmusical.  It 
is  not  properly  a  screech  or  a  scream,  like  that  of  the  hawk 
or  the  peacock,  but  rather  a  sort-  of  moaning  melody,  half 
music  and  half  bewailmerit.  This  plaintive  strain  is  far 
from  disagreeable,  though  it  has  a  cadence  expressive  of 
dreariness  and  desolation.  It  might  be  performed  on  a 
fife,  beginning  with  D  octave  and  running  down  by  quar- 
ter-tones to  a  third  below,  frequently  repeating  the  notes 
with  occasional  pauses  for  about  one  minute.  The  bird 
does  not  slur  his  notes,  but  utters  them  with  a  sort  of 


196  BIRDS    OF   THE    NIGHT. 

tremulous  staccato.  The  separate  notes  may  be  distinctly 
perceived,  though  the  intervals  are  hardly  appreciable. 

The  generality  of  this  family  of  birds  cannot  be  regard- 
ed as  useful.  They  are  only  mischievous  birds  of  prey, 
and  no  more  entitled  to  mercy  or  protection  than  the  Fal- 
cons, to  which  they  are  allied.  All  the  little  Owls,  how- 
ever, though  guilty  of  destroying  small  birds,  are  service- 
able in  ridding  our  fields  and  premises  of  mischievous 
animals.  They  destroy  multitudes  of  large  nocturnal 
insects,  flying  above  the  summits  of  trees  in  pursuit  of 
them,  while  at  other  times  their  flight  is  low,  when  watch- 
ing for  mice  and  moles,  that  run  upon  the  ground.  It  is 
on  account  of  its  low  flight  that  the  Owl  is  seldom  seen 
upon  the  wing.  Bats,  which  are  employed  by  Nature  for 
similar  services,  fall  victims  in  large  numbers  to  the  Owls, 
which  are  the  principal  means  of  checking  their  multi- 
plication. 

An  interesting  family  of  nocturnal  birds  are  the  Moth- 
hunters,  of  which  in  New  England  there  are  only  two 
species,  the  Whippoorwill  and  the  Nighthawk.  These 
birds  resemble  the  Owls  in  some  of  their  habits ;  but 
in  their  structure,  their  mode  of  obtaining  subsistence, 
and  in  their  general  characters  they  resemble  Swallows. 
They  are  shy  and  solitary,  take  their  food  while  on  the 
wing,  abide  chiefly  in  the  deep  woods,  and  come  abroad 
only  at  twilight  or  in  cloudy  weather.  They  remain,  like 
the  Dove,  permanently  paired,  lay  their  eggs  on  the  bare 
ground,  and,  when  perched,  sit  upon  the  branch  length- 
wise, unlike  other  birds.  They  are  remarkable  for  their 
singular  voices,  and  only  one  species  — -  the  Whippoor- 
will —  may  be  considered  musical.  They  are  inhabitants 
of  all  parts  of  the  world,  but  are  particularly  numerous 
in  the  warmer  regions  of  North  and  South  America,  where 
the  curiosity  of  the  traveller  is  constantly  excited  by  their 
voices  resembling  human  speech. 


BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT.  197 


THE   WHIPPOORWILL. 

The  Whippoorwill  is  well  known  to  the  inhabitants 
of  New  England  by  his  nocturnal  song.  This  is  heard 
chiefly  in  wooded  and  retired  situations,  and  is  associated 
with  the  solitude  of  the  forest  as  well  as  the  silence  of 
the  night.  The  Whippoorwill  is  therefore  emblematic 
of  the  rudeness  of  primitive  nature,  and  his  voice  re- 
minds us  of  seclusion  and  retirement.  Sometimes  he 
wanders  away  from  the  wood  into  the  precincts  of  the 
town,  and  sings  near  our  dwelling-houses.  Such  an  in- 
cident was  formerly  the  occasion  of  superstitious  alarm, 
and  was  regarded  as  an  omen  of  evil  to  the  inmates  of 
the  dwelling.  The  cause  of  these  irregular  visits  is 
probably  the  accidental  abundance  of  a  particular  kind 
of  insects  which  the  bird  has  followed  from  the  woods. 

The  Whippoorwill  in  this  part  of  the  country  is  first 
heard  in  May,  and  continues  vocal  until  the  middle  of 
July.  He  begins  to  sing  at  dusk  ;  and  we  usually  hear 
his  note  soon  after  the  Veery,  the  Philomel  of  our  summer 
evenings,  has  become  silent.  His  song  consists  of  three 
notes,  in  a  sort  of  polka-time,  with  a  slight  rest  after  the 
first  note  in  each  bar,  as  given  below :  — 


Whip      poor  will    Whip       poor  will    Whip        poor  will    Whip. 


I  should  remark  that  the  bird  begins  his  song  with  the 
second  syllable  of  his  name,  if  we  may  suppose  him  to 
utter  the  word,  or  I  might  say  with  the  second  note  in 
the  bar.  Some  birds  occasionally,  though  seldom,  fall 
short  of  these  musical  intervals,  as  they  are  written  on  the 
scale,  and  an  occasional  cluck  is  heard  when  we  are  near 
the  singer.  The  notes  of  the  Quail  so  clearly  resemble 


198  BIRDS    OF    THE   NIGHT. 

those  of  the  Whippoorwill  that  I  give  them  below,  that 
they  may  be  compared. 


Bob         White  More         Wet. 


So  great  is  the  similarity  of  the  notes  of  these  two  birds, 
that  those  of  the  Quail  need  only  be  repeated  in  succes- 
sion without  pause  to  be  mistaken,  if  heard  in  the  night, 
for  those  of  the  Whippoorwill.  They  are  uttered  with  a 
similar  intonation  ;  but  the  voice  of  the  nocturnal  bird  is 
more  harsh,  and  his  song  consists  of  three  notes  instead 
of  two,  and  is  pitched  a  few  tones  higher. 

The  song  of  the  Whippoorwill,  though  wanting  in  mel- 
lowness of  tone,  as  may  be  perceived  when  we  are  near 
him,  is  very  agreeable  except  to  a  few,  notwithstanding 
the  superstitions  associated  with  it.  Some  persons  are 
not  disposed  to  class  the  Whippoorwill  among  singing- 
birds,  regarding  him  as  more  vociferous  than  musical. 
But  it  would  be  difficult  to  determine  in  what  respect  his 
notes  differ  from  the  songs  of  other  birds,  except  that  they 
approach  more  nearly  to  the  precision  of  artificial  music. 
Yet  it  will  be  admitted  that  a  considerable  distance  is 
required  to  "  lend  enchantment "  to  the  sound  of  his 
voice.  In  some  retired  and  solitary  districts,  the  Whip- 
poorwills  are  so  numerous  as  to  be  annoying  by  their  vo- 
ciferations. But  in  those  places  where  only  a  few  individ- 
uals are  heard  during  the  season,  their  music  is  a  source 
of  great  pleasure,  and  constitutes  one  of  the  principal 
charms  of  the  neighborhood. 

I  was  witness  of  this  some  years  ago,  in  one  of  my 
botanical  rambles  in  Essex  County,  which  is  for  the  most 
part  too  open  and  cleared  to  suit  the  habits  of  these  soli- 
tary birds.  On  one  of  these  excursions,  after  walking 


BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT.  199 

several  hours  over  a  rather  wild  region  I  arrived  at  a 
very  romantic  spot,  consisting  of  an  open  level,  com- 
pletely surrounded  by  woods.  Nature  uses  her  ordinary 
materials  to  form  her  most  delightful  landscapes,  and 
causes  them  to  rise  up  as  it  were  by  magic  when  we  least 
expect  them.  Here  I  suddenly  found  myself  encom- 
passed by  a  charming  amphitheatre  of  hills  and  woods, 
and  in  a  valley  so  beautiful  that  I  could  not  have  imag- 
ined anything  equal  to  it.  A  neat  cottage  stood  with 
only  one  other  in  this  spot.  It  was  entirely  wanting 
in  any  architectural  decoration,  which  I  am  confident 
would  have  dissolved  the  spell  that  made  the  whole 
scene  so  attractive.  It  was  occupied  by  a  shoemaker, 
whom  I  recognized  as  an  old  acquaintance  and  a  worthy 
man,  who  resided  here  with  his  wife  and  children,  whose 
mode  of  living  was  one  of  the  few  vestiges  of  ancient 
simplicity.  I  asked  them  if  they  were  contented  while 
living  so  far  from  the  town.  The  wife  of  the  cottager 
replied  that  they  suffered  in  the  winter  from  their  soli- 
tude ;  but  in  the  warm  season  they  preferred  it  to  the 
town,  "  for  in  this  place  we  hear  all  the  singing-birds 
early  and  late,  and  the  Whippoorwill  sings  every  night 
during  May  and  June."  It  was  the  usual  habit  of  this 
bird,  they  told  me,  to  sing  both  in  the  morning  and  even- 
ing twilight;  but  if  the  moon  should  rise  late  in  the 
evening  after  it  had  become  silent,  it  would  begin  to 
sing  anew  as  if  to  welcome  her  rising.  May  the  birds 
continue  to  sing  to  this  happy  family,  and  may  the  voice 
of  the  Whippoorwill  never  bode  them  any  misfortune  ! 

THE   NIGHT-JAR. 

The  Night-Jar,  or  Nighthawk,  is  similar  in  many 
points  to  the  Whippoorwill.  The  two,  indeed,  were  for- 
merly considered  identical;  but  more  careful  investiga- 


200  BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT. 

tion  has  proved  them  to  be  distinct  species.  I  believe 
that  some  extraordinary  pedant  has  also  demonstrated 
that  they  belong  to  two  distinct  genera.  Let  us  take  heed 
that  science  do  not  degenerate,  like  metaphysics,  into  a 
mere  vocabulary  of  distinctions  which  only  the  mind  of 
a  Hudibras  can  appreciate.  The  two  birds,  however,  are 
not  identical.  The  Nighthawk  is  a  smaller  bird,  has  no 
song,  and  exhibits  many  of  the  ways  of  the  Swallow. 
He  is  marked  by  a  white  spot  on  his  wings,  which  is  very 
apparent  during  his  flight.  He  seems  to  take  his  prey 
in  a  higher  region  of  the  atmosphere,  being  frequently 
seen,  at  twilight  arid  in  cloudy  weather,  soaring  above  the 
house-tops  in  quest  of  insects.  The  Whippoorwill  finds 
his  subsistence  chiefly  near  the  ground,  flitting  about  the 
farmyard,  the  fences,  and  wood-piles,  and  taking  an  insect 
from  a  branch  of  a  tree,  while  poising  himself  on  the 
wing  like  a  Humming-Bird.  He  is  never  seen  circling 
aloft  like  the  Nighthawk. 

The  movements  of  the  Nighthawk  during  his  flight  are 
performed  generally  in  circles,  and  are  very  picturesque. 
The  birds  are  usually  seen  in  pairs  at  such  times,  but 
occasionally  there  are  numbers  assembled  together ;  and 
one  might  suppose  they  were  engaged  in  a  sort  of  aerial 
dance,  and  that  they  were  emulating  each  other  in  their 
attempts  at  soaring  to  a  great  height.  It  is  evident  that 
these  evolutions  proceed  in  part  from  the  pleasure  of 
motion,  but  they  are  also  a  few  of  their  ways  during 
courtship.  While  they  are  soaring  and  circling  in  the 
air,  they  occasionally  utter  a  shrill  note  which  has  been 
likened  to  the  word  Piramidig,  forming  a  name  by  which 
the  bird  is  sometimes  called.  Now  and  then  they  are 
seen  to  dart  with  a  rapid  motion  to  take  a  passing  insect. 

While  performing  these  circumvolutions,  the  male  occa- 
sionally dives  perpendicularly  downwards,  through  a  con- 
siderable space,  uttering,  as  he  makes  a  sudden  turn 


BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT.  201 

upwards  at  the  bottom  of  his  descent,  a  singular  note 
resembling  the  twang  of  a  viol-string.  This  sound  has 
been  supposed  to  be  made  by  the  action  of  the  air  as  the 
bird  dives  swiftly  through  it  with  open  mouth.  This  is 
proved  to  be  an  error  by  the  fact  that  the  European 
species  makes  a  similar  sound  while  sitting  on  its  perch. 
Others  think  that  this  diving  motion  of  the  bird  is  de- 
signed to  intimidate  those  who  seem  to  be  approaching 
his  nest ;  but.  the  bird  performs  the  same  manoeuvre 
when  he  has  no  nest  to  defend.  This  habit  is  peculiar 
to  the  male,  and  it  is  probably  one  of  those  fantastic 
motions  which  are  noticed  among  the  male  Doves  as  arti- 
fices to  attract  the  attention  of  the  female. 

This  twanging  note,  made  during  the  precipitate  de- 
scent of  the  Nighthawk  through  the  air,  is  one  of  the 
picturesque  sounds  of  Nature,  and  is  heard  most  fre- 
quently in  the  morning  twilight,  when  the  birds  are  col- 
lecting their  early  repast  of  insects.  If  we  should  go 
abroad  before  daylight  or  at  the  earliest  dawn,  we  might 
see  them  circling  about,  and  hear  their  cry  frequently 
repeated.  Suddenly  this  twanging  sound  excites  our 
attention,  and  if  we  were  not  acquainted  with  it  or 
with  the  habits  of  the  bird,  we  should  feel  a  sensation 
of  mystery,  for  there  seems  to  be  nothing  like  it  in  na- 
ture. The  sound  produced  by  the  European  species  is  a 
sort  of  drumming  or  whizzing  note,  like  the  hum  of  a 
spinning-wheel.  The  male  begins  this  performance  about 
dark,  and  continues  it  at  intervals  a  great  part  of  the 
night.  It  is  effected  while  the  breast  is  inflated  with 
air,  like  that  of  a  cooing  Dove.  The  Nighthawk  inflates 
its  breast  in  a  similar  manner,  and  utters  a  similar  sound 
when  any  one  approaches  the  nest. 

The  habit  of  the  Whippoorwill  and  Nighthawk  of  sit 
ting  lengthwise  and   not   crosswise  on   their  perch  has 
excited  some  curiosity ;  for  it  is  well  known  that  these 


202  BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT. 

birds  are  capable  of  grasping  a  perch  and  sitting  upon  it. 
On  the  contrary,  they  roost  upon  a  large  and  nearly  hori- 
zontal branch  in  a  longitudinal  direction.  The  design 
of  nature  in  this  instinct  is  to  afford  the  bird  that  con- 
cealment which  is  needful  for  its  protection  in  the  day- 
time. When  thus  placed,  he  is  entirely  hidden  from  sight 
below.  The  Owl  is  protected  by  another  mode  of  con- 
cealment. He  sits  very  erect,  near  the  bole  of  the  tree, 
and  draws  his  tail-feathers  right  against  the  branch,  so 
that  he  can  hardly  be  seen  from  below.  The  Nighthawk, 
while  reposing  lengthwise  upon  his  perch,  would,  if  his 
foe  were  looking  down  upon  him,  hardly  be  distinguished 
when  his  mottled-brown  plumage  made  no  contrast  in 
color  with  the  bark  of  the  tree. 

THE   MOCKING-BIRD. 

I  will  now  turn  my  attention  to  those  diurnal  birds 
that  sing  in  the  night  as  well  as  in  the  day,  and  are 
classed  under  the  general  appellation  of  Nightingales. 
These  birds  do  not  confine  their  singing  to  the  night,  like 
the  Whippoorwill,  and  are  most  vocal  by  twilight  and 
the  light  of  the  moon.  Europe  has  several  of  these  min- 
strels of  the  night,  beside  the  true  Philomel  of  poetry 
and  romance.  In  the  United  States  the  Mocking-Bird 
enjoys  the  greatest  reputation ;  but  there  are  other  birds 
of  more  solitary  habits  and  less  known,  among  which 
are  the  Eose-breasted  Grosbeak  and  the  Water-Thrush, 
that  sing  in  the  night. 

The  Mocking-Bird  is  well  known  in  the  Middle  and 
Southern  States,  but  seldom  passes  a  season  in  New  Eng- 
land, except  in  the  southern  extremity,  which  seems  to 
be  the  limit  of  its  northern  residence.  Probably  like  the 
Grosbeak,  which  is  constantly  extending  its  range  in 
an  eastern  direction,  the  Mocking-Bird  may  be  gradually 


BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT.  203 

making  progress  northwardly;  so  that  fifty  years  hence 
each  of  these  birds  may  be  common  in  the  New  England 
States.  The  Mocking- Bird  is  familiar  in  his  habits,  fre- 
quenting gardens  and  orchards,  and  perching  on  the  roofs 
of  houses  when  singing,  like  the  common  Robin.  Indeed, 
this  bird  owes  much  of  his  popularity  to  his  familiar  and 
amiable  habits.  Like  the  Eobin,  too,  a  bird  that  sings 
at  all  hours  except  those  of  complete  darkness,  he  is  a 
persevering  songster,  and  seems  to  be  inspired  by  living 
in  the  vicinity  of  man.  In  his  manners,  however,  he 
bears  more  resemblance  to  the  Eed-Thrush,  being  dis- 
tinguished by  his  vivacity  and  his  courage  in  repelling 
the  attacks  of  his  enemies. 

The  Mocking-Bird  is  celebrated  throughout  the  world 
for  his  musical  powers;  but  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain 
precisely  the  character  and  quality  of  his  original  notes. 
Some  naturalists  affirm  that  he  has  no  notes  of  his 
own,  but  confines  himself  to  imitations.  That  this  is  an 
error,  all  persons  who  have  listened  to  his  native  wild 
notes  can  testify.  I  should  say,  from  my  own  observa- 
tions, not  only  that  he  has  a  distinct  song,  peculiarly  his 
own,  but  that  his  best  imitations  will  bear  no  compari- 
son with  his  native  notes.  His  common  habit  during 
the  day  is  to  utter  frequently  a  single  strain,  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable from  that  of  the  Bed- Bird,  and  similar  to 
that  of  the  Baltimore  Oriole.  This  seems  to  be  his 
amusement  while  busy  with  the  affairs  of  his  own  house- 
hold and  providing  for  their  wants.  It  is  only  when  con- 
fined in  a  cage  that  he  is  constant  in  his  mimicry.  In 
his  native  woods,  and  especially  at  an  early  hour  in  the 
morning,  when  he  is  not  provoked  to  imitation  by  the 
notes  of  other  birds  and  animals,  he  sometimes  pours  out 
his  own  wild  notes  with  uninterrupted  fervor.  Yet  I 
have  often  listened  vainly  for  hours  to  hear  him  utter 
anything  more  than  a  few  idle  repetitions  of  monoto- 


204  BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT. 

nous  sounds,  interspersed  with  some  ludicrous  variations. 
Why  he  should  discard  his  own  delightful  song  to  tease 
the  listener  with  all  imaginable  discords  is  not  easily 
explained. 

Though  his  powers  of  mimicry  are  the  cause  of  his 
fame,  his  real  merit  is  not  based  upon  these.  He  would 
be  infinitely  more  valuable  as  a  songster,  if  he  were 
incapable  of  imitating  a  single  sound.  I  would  add  that 
as  an  imitator  of  the  songs  of  other  birds  he  is  very 
imperfect,  and  has  been  greatly  overrated  by  our  orni- 
thologists, who  seem  to  vie  with  each  other  in  their 
exaggerations  of  his  powers.  He  cannot  utter  correctly 
the  notes  of  the  rapid  singers.  He  is  successful  only 
in  his  imitations  of  those  birds  whose  notes  are  simple 
and  moderately  delivered.  Hence  he  gives  good  imita- 
tions of  the  Robin.  He  is,  indeed,  more  remarkable  for 
his  indefatigable  propensity  than  for  his  powers,  in  which 
he  is  exceeded  by  some  Parrots.  Single  sounds,  from 
whatever  source  they  may  come,  —  from  birds,  quadru- 
peds, reptiles,  or  machines,  —  he  delivers  very  accurately. 
But  I  have  heard  numbers  of  Mocking-Birds  in  confine- 
ment attempt  to  imitate  the  Canary  without  success. 
There  is  a  common  saying  that  the  Mocking-Bird  will 
die  of  chagrin  if  placed  in  a  cage  by  the  side  of  a  caged 
Bobolink,  mortified  because  he  cannot  give  utterance 
to  his  rapid  notes.  If  this  would  cause  his  death,  he 
would  also  die  when  confined  near  a  Canary  or  with  any 
of  the  rapid-singing  Finches.  It  is  also  an  error  to  say 
of  his  imitations,  as  writers  assert,  that  they  are  im- 
provements upon  the  originals.  When  he  utters  the 
notes  of  the  Red-Bird,  the  Oriole,  or  the  common  Robin, 
his  imitations  are  perfect,  but  are  no  clearer  or  sweeter ; 
and  when  he  gives  us  the  screaming  of  a  Jay,  the  mew- 
ing of  a  cat,  or  the  creaking  of  a  cart-wheel,  he  does  not 
change  them  into  music. 


BIRDS  OF   THE  NIGHT.  205 

As  an  original  songster,  estimated  by  the  notes  which 
on  rare  occasions  he  pours  out  in  a  serious  mood  from  his 
own  favorite  spot  and  during  his  favorite  hour,  which 
is  the  earliest  dawn,  the  Mocking-Bird  is  probably  un- 
equalled by  any  American  songster.  His  notes  are  loud, 
varied,  melodious,  and  of  great  compass.  They  may  be 
likened  to  those  of  the  Red-Thrush,  more  forcibly  deliv- 
ered, and  having  more  flute-notes  and  fewer  guttural 
notes  and  sudden  transitions.  He  also  sings  often  on 
the  wing,  and  with  fervor,  while  the  other  Thrushes  sing 
only  from  their  perch.  But  his  song  has  less  variety  than 
that  of  the  Red-Thrush,  and  falls  short  of  it  in  some 
other  respects.  The  Red-Thrush,  however,  has  too  little 
persistence  in  his  singing. 

By  other  writers  the  Mocking-Bird  is  put  forward  as 
superior  to  the  Nightingale.  This  assumption  might  be 
worthy  of  consideration,  if  the  American  bird  were  not 
addicted  to  mimicry.  This  execrable  habit  renders  him 
unfit  to  be  compared  with  the  Nightingale,  whose  song 
also  resembles  that  of  a  Finch  more  than  that  of  a 
Thrush.  His  mocking  habits  almost  annihilate  his  value 
as  a  songster  ;  as  the  effect  of  a  concert  would  be  spoiled 
if  the  players  were  constantly  introducing,  in  the  midst 
of  their  serious  music,  snatches  of  vulgar  and  ridiculous 
tunes  and  uncouth  sounds. 


TO  THE   MOCKING-BIRD. 


CAROLLING  bird,  that  merrily  night  and  day 
Tellest  thy  raptures  from  the  rustling  spray, 
And  wakest  the  morning  with  thy  varied  lay, 

Singing  thy  matins  ;  — 

When  we  have  come  to  hear  thy  sweet  oblation 
Of  love  and  joyance  from  thy  sylvan  station, 
Why  in  the  place  of  musical  cantation 

Balk  us  with  pratings  ? 


206  BIRDS   OF   THE   NIGHT. 

We  stroll  by  moonlight  in  the  dusky  forest 

Where  the  tall  cypress  shields  thee,  fervent  chorist  ! 

And  sit  in  haunts  of  echoes  when  thou  pourest 

Thy  woodland  solo. 

Hark  !  from  the  next  green  tree  thy  song  commences  ; 
Music  and  discord  join  to  mock  the  senses, 
Repeated  from  the  tree-tops  and  the  fences, 

From  hill  and  hollow  ! 

A  hundred  voices  mingle  with  thy  clamor ; 
Bird,  beast,  and  reptile  take  part  in  thy  drama  ; 
Outspeak  they  all  in  turn  without  a  stammer,  — 

Brisk  Polyglot  ! 

Voices  of  kill-deer,  plover,  duck,  and  dotterel  ;  • 
Notes,  bubbling,  hissing,  mellow,  sharp,  and  guttural, 
Of  catbird,  cat,  or  cart-wheel,  thou  canst  utter  all, 

And  all  untaught. 

The  raven's  croak,  the  chiirup  of  the  sparrow, 
The  jay's  harsh  note,  the  creaking  of  a  barrow, 
The  hoot  of  owls,  all  join  the  soul  to  harrow 

And  grate  the  ear. 

We  listen  to  thy  quaint  soliloquizing, 
As  if  all  creatures  thou  wert  catechizing, 
Tuning  their  voices,  and  their  notes  revising 

From  far  and  near. 

Sweet  bird,  that  surely  lovest  the  "noise  of  folly," 
Most  musical,  but  never  melancholy  ; 
Disturber  of  the  hour  that  should  be  holy, 

With  sounds  prodigious  ;  — 
Fie  on  thee  !  O  thou  feathered  Paganini ! 
To  use  thy  little  pipes  to  squawk  and  whinny, 
And  emulate  the  hinge  and  spinning-jenny, 

Making  night  hideous. 

Provoking  melodist  !  why  canst  thou  breathe  us 
No  thrilling  harmony,  no  charming  pathos, 
No  cheerful  song  of  love,  without  a  bathos  ? 

The  Furies  take  thee  ! 

Blast  thy  obstreperous  mirth,  thy  foolish  chatter,  — 
Gag  thee,  exhaust  thy  breath,  and  stop  thy  clatter, 
And  change  thee  to  a  beast,  thou  senseless  prater  ! 

Naught  else  can  check  thee  \ 


BIRDS    OF    THE   NIGHT.  207 

A  lengthened  pause  ensues  ;  but  hark  again  ! 
From  the  near  woodland,  stealing  o'er  the  plain, 
Comes  forth  a  sweeter  and  a  holier  strain  ! 

Listening  delighted, 

The  gales  breathe  softly,  as  they  bear  along 
The  warbled  treasure,  the  tumultuous  throng 
Of  notes  that  swell  accordant  in  the  song, 

As  love  is  plighted. 

The  echoes,  joyful,  from  their  vocal  cell, 
Leap  with  the  winged  sounds  o'er  hill  and  dell, 
With  kindling  fervor  as  the  chimes  they  tell 

To  wakeful  even  : 

They  melt  upon  the  ear  ;  they  float  away, 
They  rise,  they  sink,  they  hasten,  they  delay, 
And  hold  the  listener  with  bewitching  sway, 

Like  sounds  from  heaven. 


CALCULATIONS. 

IT  is  remarkable  that  in  this  "  enlightened  age  "  (I  give 
the  quotation-marks,  lest  I  might  be  suspected  of  originat- 
ing the  expression)  there  should  be  a  necessity  of  enter- 
ing upon  a  course  of  argument  to  prove  the  utility  of 
birds  to  agriculture.  It  is  also  surprising  that  the  greatest 
enemies  of  birds  are  among  men  whose  occupation  would 
be  ruined  if  they  were  for  a  single  year  wholly  deprived  of 
their  services.  There  are  many  who  plead  for  the  birds  as 
beautiful  and  interesting  objects,  deserving  protection  for 
their  own  sake.  But,  valuable  as  they  are  for  their  songs, 
their  gay  plumage,  and  their  amusing  habits,  all  these 
qualities  are  of  minor  importance  compared  with  the  ben- 
efits they  confer  upon  man,  as  checks  to  the  overmultipli- 
cation  of  insects.  The  trees  and  the  landscapes  are  made 
greener  and  the  flowers  more  beautiful  in  the  spring, 
the  fruits  of  autumn  finer  and  more  abundant,  and  all 
nature  is  preserved  in  freshness  and  beauty  by  these  hosts 
of  winged  musicians,  who  celebrate  their  garrulous  revel- 
ries in  field  and  wood. 

I  believe  it  admits  of  demonstration,  that  if  birds  were 
exterminated  man  could  not  live  upon  this  earth.  Al- 
most every  one  of  the  smaller  species  is  indispensable  to 
our  agricultural  prosperity.  The  gunner  who  destroys 
ten  small  birds  in  the  spring  preserves  as  many  millions 
of  injurious  insects  to  ravage  our  crops  and  render  barren 
our  orchards.  Naturalists  are  unanimous  in  declaring  the 
importance  of  their  services ;  but  cultivators,  who  of  all 
persons  ought  to  be  most  familiar  with  the  .facts  that  prove 


CALCULATIONS.  209 

their  usefulness,  are  indeed  the  most  ignorant  of  them. 
They  attribute  to  them  a  full  moiety  of  the  injury  oc- 
casioned by  insects;  yet  there  is  not  an  insect  in  exist- 
ence which  is  not  the  natural  food  of  certain  birds,  and 
which  would  multiply  to  infinity  if  not  kept  in  check  by 
them. 

Men  are  willing  and  eager  to  keep  dogs  and  cats,  to 
feed  and  protect  them,  and  endure  their  annoyances,  be- 
cause they  understand  that  their  services  in  a  variety  of 
ways,  both  in  the  house  and  out  of  doors,  are  sufficient  to 
compensate  for  all  their  mischief  and  their  trouble.  They 
can  appreciate  their  value,  and  are  willing  to  overlook 
their  offences.  But  the  birds,  who  sing  and  make  them- 
selves agreeable  in  thousands  of  ways,  men  will  destroy, 
because  they  are  either  too  ignorant  or  too  stupid  to 
understand  the  benefits  they  derive  from  them.  Probably 
the  cats  and  dogs  in  this  country  cost  in  the  aggregate 
a  million  of  dollars  in  feeding  them,  to  say  nothing  of 
their  troublesomeness,  to  one  hundred  dollars  which  the 
whole  feathered  tribe  costs  us  by  the  fruit  and  grain  they 
damage  and  consume. 

Calculations  have  been  frequently  made  to  ascertain 
the  probable  amount  of  insects  consumed  by  any  single 
bird.  Many  of  these  accounts  are  almost  incredible,  yet 
the  most  of  them  will  admit  of  demonstration.  Two  dif- 
ferent methods  have  been  adopted  for  ascertaining  these 
facts.  The  investigators  watch  the  birds,  to  learn  their 
food  by  their  habits  of  feeding  or  foraging ;  or  they  de- 
stroy single  birds  at  different  times  and  seasons  and  exam- 
ine the  contents  of  their  crop.  Mr.  Bradley,  an  Eng- 
lish writer,  mentions  a  person  who  was  led  by  curiosity 
to  watch  a  pair  of  birds  that  were  raising  a  young  brood, 
for  one  hour.  They  went  and  returned  continually,  bring- 
ing every  time  a  caterpillar  to  the  nest.  He  counted  the 

journeys  they  made,  and  calculated  that  one  brood  did  not 

14 


210  CALCULATIONS. 

consume  less  than  five  hundred  caterpillars  in  the  course 
of  the  day.  The  quantity  destroyed  in  thirty  days,  at 
this  rate,  by  one  nest  would  amount  to  fifteen  thousand. 
Suppose  every  square  league  of  territory  contained  one 
hundred  nests  of  this  species,  there  would  be  destroyed 
by  them  alone  in  this  space  a  million  and  a  half  of  cater- 
pillars in  the  course  of  one  month. 

I  was  sitting  at  a  window  one  day  in  May,  when  my 
sister  called  my  attention  to  a  Golden  Kobin  in  a  black- 
cherry  tree  employed  in  destroying  the  common  hairy 
caterpillars  that  infest  our  orchards,  and  we  counted  the 
number  he  killed  while  he  remained  on  the  branch.  Dur- 
ing the  space  of  one  minute,  by  a  watch,  he  destroyed 
seventeen  caterpillars.  I  observed  that  he  did  not  swal- 
low the  whole  insect.  After  seizing  it  in  his  bill,  he  set 
his  foot  upon  it,  tore  it  asunder,  and  swallowed  an  atom 
taken  from  the  inside.  Had  he  eaten  the  whole  cater- 
pillar, three  or  four  would  probably  have  satisfied  his 
appetite.  But  the  general  practice  of  birds  that  devour 
hairy  caterpillars  is  to  eat  only  a  favorite  morsel.  Hence, 
they  require  a  greater  number  to  satisfy  their  wants. 

This  fact  led  me  to  consider  how  vast  an  amount  of 
benefit  this  single  species  must  contribute  to  vegetation. 
Suppose  each  bird  to  pass  twelve  out  of  the  twenty-four 
hours  in  seeking  his  food,  and  that  one  hour  of  this  time 
is  employed  in  destroying  caterpillars.  At  the  rate  of 
seventeen  per  minute,  each  bird  would  destroy  a  little  more 
than  one  thousand  caterpillars  daily  while  they  were  to 
be  found.  Yet,  if  the  crop  of  the  bird  were  dissected,  it 
would  not  be  possible  to  discover  from  these  titbits  the 
character  of  the  insect  which  he  had  devoured.  So  t 
draw  the  inference  that  while  we  may  discover  many 
important  facts  by  dissection,  all  are  not  revealed  to  us 
by  this  mode  of  examination.  Imagine,  however,  from  the 
facts  which  I  have  recounted,  the  vast  increase  of  cater- 


CALCULATIONS.  211 

pillars  that  would  follow  the  extinction  of  this  single 
species. 

It  is  recorded  in  "  Anderson's  Recreations/'  that  a  curious 
observer,  having  discovered  a  nest  of  five  young  jays,  re- 
marked that  each  of  these  birds,  while  yet  very  young, 
consumed  daily  at  least  fifteen  full-sized  grubs  of  the  May- 
beetle,  and  would  require  many  more  of  a  smaller  size. 
The  writer  conjectures  that  of  large  and  small  each  bird 
would  require  about  twenty  for  its  daily  supply.  At  this 
rate  the  five  birds  would  consume  one  hundred.  Allow- 
ing that  each  of  the  parents  would  require  fifty,  the  fam- 
ily would  consume  two  hundred  every  day,  and  the  whole 
amount  in  three  months  would  be  about  twenty  thousand. 
This  seems  to  me  from  my  own  experience  a  very  mod- 
erate calculation. 

In  obedience  to  an  almost  universal  instinct,  the  gra- 
nivorous  birds,  except  those  that  lead  their  brood  around 
with  them  like  the  hen,  feed  their  young  entirely  upon  the 
larva  of  insects.  The  finches  and  sparrows  are  therefore 
insectivorous,  with  but  a  few  exceptions,  the  first  two  or 
three  months  of  their  existence.  They  do  not  consume 
grain  or  seeds  until  they  are  able  to  provide  for  themselves. 
The  old  birds  supply  their  young  with  larva,  when  this 
kind  of  food  is  abundant,  and  when  the  tender  state  of 
their  digestive  organs  requires  the  use  of  soft  food.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Augustus  Fowler,  who  is  good  authority 
for  any  original  observations,  the  American  Goldfinch 
waits,  before  it  builds  a  nest,  until  it  is  so  late  that  the 
young,  when  they  appear,  may  be  fed  with  the  milky 
grains  and  seeds  of  plants.  It  should  be  added  that 
doves  and  pigeons  soften  the  grain  in  their  own  crop  be- 
fore they  give  it  to  their  young. 


THE   SNOWY  OWL. 


WHY  BTEDS   SING  IN  THE  NIGHT. 

IN  connection  with  this  theme,  we  cannot  escape  a 
feeling  of  regret,  almost  like  sorrow,  when  we  reflect  that 
the  true  nightingale  and  the  skylark  —  the  classical  birds 
of  European  literature  —  are  strangers  to  our  fields  and 
woods.  In  May  and  June  there  is  no  want  of  sylvan 
minstrels  to  wake  the  morn  and  to  sing  the  vespers  of  a 
quiet  evening.  A  flood  of  song  awakens  us  at  the  earliest 
daylight;  and  the -shy  and  solitary  veery,  after  the  vesper 
bird  has  concluded  his  evening  hymn,  pours  his  few  pen- 
sive notes  into  the  very  bosom  of  twilight,  and  makes  the 
hour  sacred  by  his  melody.  But  after  twilight  is  sped 
and  the  moon  rises  to  shed  her  meek  radiance  over  the 
sleeping  earth,  the  nightingale  is  not  here  to  greet  her 
rising,  and  to  turn  her  melancholy  beams  into  brightness 
and  gladness.  When  the  queen  moon  is  on  her  throne, 
"  clustered  around  by  all  her  starry  Fays,"  the  whippoor- 
will  alone  brings  her  the  tribute  of  his  monotonous  song, 
and  soothes  the  dull  ear  of  night  with  sounds  which,  how- 
ever delightful,  are  not  of  heaven. 

We  have  become  so  familiar  with  the  lark  and  the 
nightingale  by  perusing  the  romance  of  rural  life,  that 
"  neither  breath  of  Morn  when  she  ascends  "  without  this 
•the  charm  of  her  earliest  harbinger,  nor  "  silent  Night " 
without  her  "  solemn  bird,"  seems  holy  as  when  we  read 
of  them  in  pastoral  song.  Poetry  has  hallowed  to  our 
minds  the  pleasing  objects  of  the  Old  World.  Those  of 
the  New  must  be  cherished  in  song  many  more  years  be- 
fore they  can  be  equally  sacred  to  the  imagination. 


214  WHY   BIRDS   SING   IN   THE   NIGHT. 

The  cause  of  the  nocturnal  singing  of  birds  that  do  not 
go  abroad  during  the  night,  and  are  strictly  diurnal  in  all 
their  other  habits,  has  never  been  rationally  explained. 
It  is  natural  that  the  whippoorwill,  which  is  a  nocturnal 
bird,  should  sing  during  his  hours  of  wakefulness  arid 
activity,  and  we  may  explain  why  ducks  and  geese,  and 
other  social  birds,  should  utter  their  alarm-notes  when 
they  meet  with  any  midnight  disturbance.  The  crowing 
of  a  cock  bears  still  more  analogy  to  the  song  of  birds  ; 
for  it  is  certainly  not  a  note  of  alarm.  This  domestic  bird 
might  therefore  be  considered  a  nocturnal  songster,  though 
we  do  not  hear  him  at  evening  twilight.  The  cock  sings 
his  matins,  but  not  his  vespers.  He  crows  at  the  earliest 
dawn  and  at  midnight  when  he  is  wakened  by  the  light 
of  the  moon,  and  by  artificial  light.  Many  birds  are  ac- 
customed to  prolong  their  notes  after  sunset  to  a  late  hour, 
and  become  silent  only  to  begin  anew  at  the  earliest  day- 
break. But  the  habit  of  singing  in  the  night  is  peculiar 
to  a  small  number  of  birds,  arid  the  cause  of  it  is  a  curious 
subject  of  inquiry. 

By  what  means  are  they  qualified  to  endure  such  ex- 
treme watchfulness,  —  singing  and  providing  for  their  off- 
spring during  the  day,  then  becoming  wakeful  and  musical 
during  the  night  ?  Why  do  they  take  pleasure  in  singing 
when  no  one  will  come  in  answer  to  their  call  ?  Have 
they  their  worship  like  religious  beings ;  and  are  their 
midnight  lays  but  the  fervent  outpouring  of  their  devo- 
tions ?  Do  they  rejoice  like  the  clouds  in  the  presence 
of  the  moon,  hailing  her  beams  as  a  pleasant  relief  from 
the  darkness  that  has  surrounded  them  ?  Or,  in  the* 
silence  of  the  night,  are  their  songs  but  responses  to  the 
sounds  of  the  trees,  when  they  bow  their  heads  and  shake 
their  rustling  leaves  to  the  wind  ?  When  they  listen  to 
the  streamlet  that  makes  audible  melody  in  the  hush  of 
night,  do  they  not  answer  to  it  from  their  leafy  perch  ? 


WHY   BIRDS   SING   IN   THE   NIGHT.  215 

And  when  the  moth  flies  hummingly  through  the  recesses 
of  the  wood,  and  the  beetle  winds  his  horn,  what  are  the 
notes  of  the  birds  but  cheerful  counterparts  to  those  sounds 
that  break  sweetly  upon  the  quiet  of  their  slumbers  ? 

Wilson  remarks  that  the  hunters  in  the  Southern  States, 
when  setting  out  on  an  excursion  by  night,  as  soon  as 
they  hear  the  mocking-bird,  know  that  the  moon  is  rising. 
He  quotes  a  writer  who  supposes  that  it  may  be  fear  that 
operates  upon  the  birds  when  they  perceive  the  owls 
flitting  among  the  trees,  and  that  they  sing  as  a  timid 
person  whistles  in  a  lonely  place  to  quiet  their  fears. 
But  if  such  be  the  case,  Nature  has  implanted  in  them  an 
instinct  that  might  lead  to  their  destruction.  Fear  would 
instinctively  prompt  them  to  be  quiet,  if  they  heard  the 
stirring  of  owls ;  for  this  feeling  is  not  expressed  by 
musical  notes,  but  by  notes  of  alarm,  or  by  silence.  The 
moonlight  may  be  the  most  frequent  exciting  cause  of 
nocturnal  singing ;  but  it  is  not  true  that  birds  always 
wait  for  the  rising  of  the  moon ;  and  if  it  were  so,  the 
question  still  occurs,  why  a  few  species  only  should  be 
thus  affected. 

Since  philosophy  cannot  explain  this  instinct,  let  fancy 
come  to  our  aid,  as  when  men  vainly  seek  from  reason 
an  explanation  of  the  mysteries  of  religion  they  humbly 
submit  to  the  guidance  of  faith.  With  fancy  for  our  in- 
terpreter we  may  suppose  that  Nature  has  adapted  the 
works  of  creation  .to  our  moral  as  well  as  our  physical 
wants ;  and  while  she  has  instituted  the  night  as  a  time 
of  general  rest,  she  has  provided  means  that  shall  soften 
the  gloomy  effects  of  darkness.  The  birds,  which  are  the 
harbingers  of  all  rural  delights,  are  hence  made  to  sing 
during  twilight ;  and  when  they  cease,  the  nocturnal 
songsters  become  vocal,  bearing  pleasant  sensations  to 
the  sleepless,  and  by  their  lulling  melodies  prepare  us 
to  be  keenly  susceptible  to  all  agreeable  emotions. 


CHANGES   IN  THE   HABITS   OF   BIKDS. 

BIRDS  acquire  new  habits  as  certain  changes  take  place 
upon  the  surface  of  the  country  that  create  a  necessity  for 
using  different  modes  of  sheltering  and  protecting  their 
young.  Singing-'birds  frequent  in  greatest  numbers  our 
half-cultivated  lands  and  the  woods  adjoining  them.  It 
may  therefore  be  inferred  that  as  the  country  grows 
older  and  is  more  extensively  cleared  and  cultivated,  the 
numbers  of  our  songsters  will  increase,  and  it  is  not  im- 
probable that  their  vocal  powers  may  improve.  It  may 
be  true  that  for  many  years  after  the  first  settlement  of 
this  country  there  were  but  few  singing-birds  and  that 
they  have  multiplied  with  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  At 
that  time,  though  the  same  species  existed  here  and  were 
musical,  their  numbers  were  so  small  that  they  were  not 
universally  heard.  Hence  early ,  travellers  were  led  to 
believe  that  American  birds  were  generally  silent. 

By  a  little  observation  we  should  soon  be  convinced 
that  the  primitive  forest  contains  but  few  songsters. 
There  you  find  crows,  jays,  woodpeckers,  and  other 
noisy  birds  in  great  numbers  ;  and  you  occasionally  hear 
the  notes  of  the  sylvias  and  solitary  thrushes.  But  not 
until  you  are  in  the  vicinity  of  farms  and  other  culti- 
vated lands  are  your  ears  saluted  by  a  full  band  of  feath- 
ered musicians.  The  bobolinks  are  not  seen  in  a  forest, 
and  are  unfrequent  in  the  wild  pastures  or  meadows  which 
were  their  primitive  resorts.  At  the  present  day  they 
have  left  their  early  habitats,  and  seek  the  cultivated 
grass-lands,  that  afford  them  a  more  abundant  supply  of 


CHANGES  IN   THE   HABITS   OF   BIRDS. 

insect-food,  with  which  they  feed  their  young.  They 
build  upon  the  ground  in  the  grass,  and  their  nests  are 
exposed  in  great  numbers  by  the  scythe  of  the  mower,  if 
he  begins  haymaking  early  in  the  season. 

These  birds,  as  well  as  robins,  before  America  was  set- 
tled by  the  Europeans,  and  when  the  greater  part  of  the 
country  was  a  wilderness,  must  have  been  comparatively 
few.  Though  the  bobolink  consumes  great  quantities  of 
rice  after  the  young  are  fledged  and  the  whole  family  have 
departed,  it  is  not  the  rice-fields  which  have  made  its 
species  more  numerous,  but  the  increased  abundance  of 
insect  food  in  the  North,  where  they  breed,  —  an  increase 
consequent  upon  the  increased  amount  of  tillage.  The 
robins  are  dependent  entirely  upon  insect  food,  and  must 
have  multiplied  in  greater  proportion  than  the  bobolinks. 
There  are  probably  thousands  of  both  species  at  the  pres- 
ent day  to  as  many  hundreds  that  existed  at  the  dis- 
covery of  America.  Many  other  small  birds,  such  as  the 
song-sparrow  and  the  linnet,  have  increased  nearly  in 
the  same  ratio  with  the  progress  of  agriculture  and  the 
settlement  of  the  country. 

Domestication  blunts  the  original  instincts  of  animals 
and  renders  birds  partially  indifferent  to  colors.  It 
changes  their  plumage  as  well  as  their  instincts.  In  pro- 
portion to  the  length  of  time  any  species  has  been  domes- 
ticated, it  is  unsafe  to  depend  on  the  correctness  of  bur 
observation  of  their  instincts  with  respect  to  colors.  All 
the  gallinaceous  birds,  except  the  common  hen,  lay  spec- 
kled eggs.  It  is  probable  that  during  the  thousands  of 
ages  since  the  latter  was  domesticated  her  eggs  have  lost 
their  original  marking  and  have  become  white.  As  great 
a  change  has  happened  in  their  plumage,  while  the  more 
recently  domesticated  birds,  like  the  turkey  and  guinea- 
hen,  retain  more  nearly  their  original  markings.  After 
domestication  birds  no  longer  require  to  be  protected  from 


218  CHANGES   IN   THE   HABITS    OF    BIRDS. 

the  sight  of  their  enemies  by  the  hues  of  their  plumage. 
Their  natural  predisposition  to  be  marked  only  by  a  cer- 
tain combination  of  hues  is  weakened.  Being  entirely  in 
the  power  and  under  the  protection  of  man,  color  is  of  no 
service  to  them,  as  in  their  natural  and  wild  state. 

Mr.  S.  P.  Fowler  communicated  to  the  Essex  Institute 
an  essay  containing  some  important  facts  concerning  the 
changes  in  the  habits  of  some  of  our  own  birds.  He  says  : 
"  The  Baltimore  oriole  still  constructs  her  nest  after  the 
old  pattern,  but  has  learned  to  weave  it  with  materials 
furnished  by  civilization.  I  have  a  whole  nest  of  this 
kind,  made  wholly  from  materials  swept  out  of  a  milli- 
ner's shop,  woven  and  interlaced  with  ribbons  and  laces, 
including  a  threaded  needle."  He  has  noticed  for  several 
years  a  change  in  the  habits  of  our  crow-blackbirds,  and 
thinks  they  are  becoming  domesticated,  like  the  rooks  of 
England.  This  change,  in  his  opinion,  has  been  pro- 
duced by  planting  the  white  pine  in  cultivated  grounds ; 
for  wherever  a  group  of  pines  has  attained  the  height  of 
thirty  feet,  they  are  visited  by  these  birds  for  breeding, 
even  in  proximity  to  our  populous  villages.  He  states 
that  the  purple  finches  have  followed  the  evergreen  trees 
that  have  been  planted  in  our  enclosures,  though  a  few 
years  since  they  were  to  be  seen  chiefly  in  our  cedar 
groves.  They  have  grown  more  numerous,  and  breed  in 
his  grounds  on  the  branches  of  the  spruce,  feeding  early 
in  the  season  upon  the  flower-buds  of  the  elm  or  upon 
those  of  the  pear-tree. 


NOVEMBER. 

A  CHANGE  has  lately  come  over  the  face  of  nature ; 
the  bright  garniture  of  field  and  wood  has  faded ;  the 
leaves  have  fallen  to  the  ground,  and  the  sun  gleams 
brightly  through  the  naked  branches  of  the  trees  into 
the  late  dark  recesses  of  the  forest.  In  some  years  the 
bright  hues  of  autumn  remain  unseared  by  frost  until 
November  has  tarried  with  us  many  days.  It  is  then 
melancholy  to  observe  the  change  that  suddenly  takes 
place  in  the  aspect  of  the  woods  after  the  first  wintry 
night.  The  longer  this  fatal  blast  is  deferred,  the 
more  sudden  and  manifest  are  its  effects.  The  field* 
to-day  may  be  glowing  in  the  fairest  hues  of  autumnal 
splendor.  One  night  passes  away,  —  a  night  of  still, 
freezing  cold,  depositing  a  beautiful  frostwork  on  our 
windows,  —  and  lo  !  a  complete  robe  of  monotonous 
brown  covers  the  wide  forest  and  all  its  colors  have 
vanished.  After  this  frost  the  leaves  fall  rapidly  from 
the  trees,  and  the  first  vigorous  wind  will  nearly  disrobe 
them  of  their  foliage. 

•  This  change  is  usually  more  gradual.  Slight  frosts 
occur  one  after  another  during  many  successive  nights, 
each  adding  a  browner  tint  to  the  foliage  and  causing  the 
different  trees  to  shed  their  leaves  in  natural  succession. 
Though  November  is  the  time  of  the  general  fall  of  the 
leaf,  yet  many  trees  cast  off  their  vesture  in  October. 
But  the  flowering  season  closed  with  the  last  of  the 
month.  A  few  asters  are  still  seen  in  the  woods,  and 
here  and  there  on  the  green  southern  slopes  a  violet 


NOVEMBER.  221 

will  look  up  with  its  mild  blue  eye,  like  a  star  of 
promise,  to  remind  us  of  the  beauties  of  the  coming 
spring.  There  is  a  melancholy  pleasure  attending  a 
ramble  at  this  time,  while  taking  note  of  the  changes 
of  the  year,  and  of  the  care  with  which  Nature  pro- 
vides for  the  preservation  of  her  charge  during  the 
coming  season  of  cold.  All  sounds  that  meet  the  ear 
are  in  harmony  with  our  feelings.  The  breezes  murmur 
with  a  plaintive  moan,  while  shaking  the  dropping  leaves 
from  the  trees,  as  if  they  felt  a  sympathy  with  the  gen- 
eral decay,  and  carefully  strew  them  over  the  beds  of  the 
flowers  to  afford  them  a  warm  covering  and  protection 
from  the  ungenial  winter.  The  sear  and  yellow  leaves 
eddying  with  the  fitful  breezes  fill  up  the  hollows  in  the 
pastures  where  slumbering  lilies  and  violets  repose,  and 
gather  around  the  borders  of  the  woods,  where  the  ver- 
nal flowers  are  sleeping  and  require  their  warmth  and 
protection.  There  is  an  influence  breathing  from  all 
nature  in  the  autumn  that  leads  us  to  meditate  on  the 
charms  of  the  seasons  that  have  flown,  and  prepares  us 
by  the  regrets  thus  awakened  to  realize  their  full  worth, 
and  to  experience  the  greater  delight  when  we  meet  them 
once  more. 

There  are  rural  sounds  as  well  as  rural  sights  which 
are  characteristic  of  this  as  well  as  every  other  month 
of  the  year,  all  associated  with  the  beauties  and  bounties 
of  their  respective  seasons.  The  chirping  of  insects 
declines  during  October  and  dies  away  to  silence  before 
the  middle  of  the  present  month ;  and  then  do  the  voices 
of  the  winter  birds  become  more  audible.  Their  harsh 
unmusical  voices  harmonize  not  unpleasantly  with  the 
murmuring  of  wintry  winds  and  with  the  desolate  ap- 
pearance of  nature.  The  water  birds  assemble  in  the 
harbors  and  are  unusually  loquacious  ;  and  occasionally 
on  still  evenings  we  hear  the  cackling  flight  of  geese  as 


NOVEMBER. 

they  are  proceeding  aloft  to  the  places  of  their  hyernal 
abode.  These  different  sounds,  though  unmusical  and 
melancholy,  awaken  many  pleasant  recollections  of  the 
season,  and  always  attract  our  attention. 

But  silence  for  the  most  part  prevails  in  the  fields  and 
woods  so  lately  vocal  with  cheerful  notes.  The  birds 
that  long  since  discontinued  their  songs  have  forsaken 
our  territories,  and  but  few  are  either  heard  or  seen. 
The  grasshoppers  have  hung  their  harps  upon  the  brown 
sedges  and  are  buried  in  a  torpid  sleep.  The  butterflies 
also  have  perished  with  the  flowers,  and  the  whole  tribe 
of  sportive  insects  that  enlivened  the  prospect  with  their 
motions  have  gone  from  our  sight.  Few  sounds  are  heard 
on  still  days,  save  the  dropping  of  nuts,  the  rustling  of 
leaves,  and  the  careering  of  the  fitful  winds  that  often 
disturb  the  general  calm.  Beautiful  sights  and.  sounds 
have  vanished  together,  and  the  rambler  who  goes  out  to 
greet  the  cheerful  objects  of  nature  finds  himself  alone, 
communing  only  with  silence  and  solitude. 

It  is  in  these  days  of  November  that  we  most  fully 
realize  how  much  of  the  pleasure  of  a  rural  excursion 
is  derived  from  the  melodies  that  greet  our  ears  during 
the  vocal  months  of  the  year.  Since  the  merry-making 
tenants  of  the  groves  have  left  them  to  inanimate 
sounds  Nature  seems  divested  of  life  and  personal^. 
While  separated  from  all  sounds  of  rejoicing  and  ani- 
mation, we  seem  to  be  in  the  presence  of  friends  who 
are  silent  and  mourning  over  some  bereavement.  In 
the  vocal  season  the  merry  voices  of  birds  and  insects 
give  life  to  the  inanimate  objects  around  us,  and  Nature 
herself  seems  to  be  talking  with  us  in  our  solitary  but 
not  lonely  walk.  But  when  these  gay  and  social  crea- 
tures are  absent,  the  places  they  frequented  are  converted 
into  solitude.  No  cheerful  voices  are  speaking  to  us,  no 
bright  flowers  are  smiling  upon  us,  and  we  feel  like  one 


NOVEMBER.  223 

who  is  left  alone  to  mourn  over  the  scenes  of  absent  joys 
and  departed  friends. 

But  the  silence  to  which  I  allude  is  chiefly  that  of  the 
singing-birds,  whose  voices  are  the  natural  language  of- 
love  and  rejoicing.  There  are  still  many  sounds  which 
are  characteristic  of  the  month.  Hollow  winds  are  sigh- 
ing through  the  half-leafless  wood,  and  the  sharp  rustling 
of  dry  oak-leaves  is  heard  aloft  in  the  place  of  the  warb- 
ling of  birds  and  the  soft  whispering  of  zephyrs.  The 
winds  as  they  sweep  over  the  shrubbery  produce  a  shrill 
sound  that  chills  us  as  the  bleak  foreboding  of  winter. 
The  passing  breezes  have  lost  that  mellowness  of  tone 
that  comes  from  them  in  summer  while  floating  over  the 
tender  herbs  and  the  flexible  grain.  Every  sound  they 
make  is  sharper  whether  they  are  rustling  among  the  dry 
cornfields  or  whistling  among  the  naked  branches  of  the 
trees.  Since  the  forests  have  shed  their  leaves  the  voices 
of  the  winter  birds  are  heard  with  more  distinctness,  and 
the  echoes  are  repeated  with  a  greater  number  of  rever- 
berations among  the  rocks  and  hills. 

Our  rural  festivities  are  past,  the  harvest  is  gathered, 
and  all  hands  are  busy  preparing  for  the  comforts  of  the 
winter  fireside.  The  days  are  short,  and  the  sun  at  noon- 
day looks  down  with  a  slanting  beam  and  diminished  fer- 
vor, or  remains  behind  the  cloud  that  often  overshadows 
the  horizon.  Dark  clouds  of  ominous  forms  and  threaten- 
ing look  brood  sometimes  for  whole  days  over  the  sullen 
atmosphere,  through  which  the  beams  of  the  sun  will 
occasionally  peer,  as  if  to  bid  us  not  wholly  despair  of 
his  benignant  presence.  Every  object  in  the  rural  world 
tells  of  the  coming  of  snows  and  of  the  rapid  passing  of 
the  genial  days  of  autumn.  The  evergreens  are  the  only 
lively  objects  that  grace  the  landscape,  and  the  flowers 
lie  buried  under  the  faded  leaves  of  the  trees  that  lift 
up  their  branches  as  if  in  supplication  to  the  skies. 


BIEDS   OF    THE  MOOR 


THE  AMERICAN  WOODCOCK. 

THE  American  Woodcock  is  a  more  interesting  bird 
than  we  should  suppose  from  his  general  appearance  and 
physiognomy.  He  is  mainly  nocturnal  in  his  habits,  and 
his  ways  are  very  singular  and  worthy  of  study.  He  ob- 
tains his  food  by  scratching  up  the  leaves  and  rubbish 
that  lie  upon  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  damp  and 
wooded  places,  and  by  boring  into  the  earth  for  worms. 
He  remains  concealed  in  the  wood  during  the  day,  and 
comes  out  to  feed  at  twilight,  choosing  the  open  ploughed 
land  where  worms  are  abundant.  Yet  it  is  probable  that 
in  the  shade  of  the  wood  he  is  more  or  less  busy  among 
the  leaves  in  the  daytime. 

The  Woodcock  does  not  usually  venture  abroad  in  the 
open  day,  unless  he  be  disturbed  and  driven  from  his 
retreat.  He  makes  his  first  appearance  here  early  in 
April,  and  at  this  time  we  may  observe  that  soaring  habit 
which  renders  him  one  of  the  picturesque  objects  of 
nature.  This  soaring  takes  place  soon  after  sunset,  con- 
tinues during  twilight,  and  is  repeated  at  a  corresponding 
hour  in  the  morning.  If  you  listen  at  these  times  near 
the  place  of  his  resort,  he  will  soon  reveal  himself  by  a 
lively  peep,  frequently  uttered  from  the  ground.  While 
repeating  this  note  he  may  be  seen  strutting  about  like 
a  Turkey-cock,  with  fantastic  jerkings  of  the  tail  and  a 
frequent  turning  of  the  head  ;  and  his  mate  is,  I  believe, 
at  this  time  not  far  off.  Suddenly  he  springs  upward, 
and  with  a  wide  circular  sweep,  uttering  at  the  same  time 


WOODCOCK 


226  BIRDS   OF   THE  MOOR. 

a  rapid  whistling  note,  he  rises  in  a  spiral  course  to  a 
great  height  in  the  air.  At  the  summit  of  his  ascent,  he 
hovers  about  with  irregular  motions,  chirping  a  medley  of 
broken  notes,  like  imperfect  warbling.  This  continues 
about  ten  or  fifteen  seconds,  when  it  ceases  and  he  de- 
scends rapidly  to  the  ground.  We  seldom  hear  him  in 
his  descent,  but  receive  the  first  intimation  of  it  by 
the  repetition  of  his  peep,  like  the  sound  produced  by 
those  minute  wooden  trumpets  sold  at  the  German  toy- 
shops. 

No  person  could  watch  this  playful  flight  of  the  Wood- 
cock without  interest ;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  a  bird 
with  short  wings  and  difficult  flight  should  be  capable  of 
mounting  to  so  great  an  altitude.  It  affords  me  a  vivid  con- 
ception of  the  pleasure  with  which  I  should  witness  the 
soaring  and  singing  of  the  Skylark,  known  to  us  only  by 
description.  I  have  but  to  imagine  the  chirruping  of  the 
Woodcock  to  be  a  melodious  series  of  notes  to  feel  that  I 
am'  listening  to  the  bird  which  has  been  so  familiarized  to 
us  by  English  poetry,  that  in  our  early  days  we  often 
watch  for  his  greeting  on  a  summer  sunrise.  It  is  with 
sadness  we  first  learn  that  the  Skylark  is  not  an  inhab- 
itant of  the  New  World ;  and  our  mornings  and  evenings 
seem  divested  of  a  great  part  of  their  charm  by  their 
want  of  this  lyric  accompaniment. 

There  are  other  sounds  connected  with  the  flight  of  the 
Woodcock  that  increase  his  importance  as  an  actor  in 
the  great  melodrama  of  Nature.  When  we  stroll  away  at 
dusk  from  the  noise  of  the  town,  to  a  spot  where  the  still- 
ness permits  us  to  hear  distinctly  all  those  faint  sounds 
which  are  turned  by  the  silence  of  night  into  music,  we 
may  hear  at  frequent  intervals  the  hum  produced  by  the 
irregular  flight  of  the  Woodcock  as  he  passes  over  short 
distances  near  the  wood.  It  is  like  the  sound  of  the  wings 
of  Doves,  or  like  that  produced  by  the  rapid  whisking  of  a 


BIRDS   OF   THE   MOOR.  227 

slender  rod  through  the  air.  There  is  a  plaintive  feeling 
of  mystery  attached  to  these  musical  flights  that  yields 
a  savor  of  romance  to  the  quiet  voluptuousness  of  a 
summer  evening. 

On  such  occasions,  if  we  are  in  a  moralizing  mood, 
we  are  agreeably  impressed  with  the  truth  of.  the  maxim 
that  the  secret  of  happiness  consists  in  keeping  alive 
our  susceptibilities  by  frugal  indulgence,  and  by  avoiding 
an  excess  of  pleasures  that  pall  in  proportion  to  their 
abundance.  The  stillness  and  darkness  of  a  quiet  night 
produce  this  quickening  effect  upon  our  minds.  Our 
susceptibility  is  then  awakened  to  such  a  degree  that 
slight  sounds  and  faintly  discernible  lights  convey  to 
us  an  amount  of  pleasure  that  is  seldom  felt  in  the 
daytime  from  influences  even  of  a  more  inspiring  char- 
acter. Thus  the  player  in  an  orchestra  can  enjoy  such 
music  only  as  would  deafen  common  ears  by  its  crash 
of  sounds  in  which  they  can  perceive  no  connection  or 
harmony ;  while  the  simple  rustic  listens  to  the  rude 
notes  of  a  flageolet  in  the  hands  of  a  clown  with  feelings 
of  ineffable  delight.  To  the  seekers  after  luxurious  and 
exciting  pleasures,  Nature,  if  they  could  but  understand 
her  language,  would  say,  "  Except  ye  become  as  this 
simple  rustic,  ye  cannot  enter  into  my  paradise." 

THE   SNIPE. 

The  Snipe  has  the  nocturnal  habits  of  the  Woodcock, 
and  is  common  in  New  England  in  the  spring  and  au- 
tumn, but  does  not  often  breed  here.  It  has  the  same 
habits  of  feeding  as  the  Woodcock,  and  the  same  way  of 
soaring  into  the  air  during  morning  and  evening  twilight, 
when  he  performs  a  sort  of  musical  medley,  which  Audu- 
bon  has  described  in  the  following  passage :  "  The  birds 
are  met  with  in  the  meadows  and  low  grounds,  and  by 


BIRDS   OF   THE   MOOR.  229 

being  on  the  spot  before  sunrise,  you  may  see  both  male 
and  female  mount  high  in  a  spiral  manner,  now  with  con- 
tinuous beats  of  the  wings,  now  in  short  sailings,  until 
more  than  a  hundred  yards  high,  when  they  whirl  round 
each  other  with  extreme  velocity,  and  dance  as  it  were  to 
their  own  music  ;  for  at  this  juncture,  and  during  the 
space  of  four  or  five  minutes,  you  hear  rolling  notes 
mingled  together,  each  more  or  less  distinct,  perhaps, 
according  to  the  state  of  the  atmosphere.  The  sounds 
produced  are  extremely  pleasing,  though  they  fall  faintly 
on  the  ear.  I  know  not  how  to  describe  them ;  but  I  arn 
well  assured  that  they  are  not  produced  simply  by  the 
beatings  of  their  wings,  as  at  this  time  the  wings  are  not 
flapped,  but  are  used  in  sailing  swiftly  in  a  circle,  not 
many  feet  in  diameter.  A  person  might  cause  a  sound 
somewhat  similar,  by  blowing  rapidly  and  alternately 
from  one  end  to  another  across  a  set  of  small  pipes  con- 
sisting of  two  or  three  modulations.  This  performance 
is  kept  up  till  incubation  terminates ;  but  I  have  never 
observed  it  at  any  other  period."  In  this  respect  the 
Snipe  differs  from  the  Woodcock,  whose  nocturnal  flights 
I  have  not  witnessed  except  in  April  and  perhaps  the 
early  part  of  May.  The  time  occupied  by  the  Woodcock 
in  the  air  is  never  more,  I  am  confident,  than  fifteen  sec- 
onds, and  the  notes  uttered  by  him  while  poised  at  the 
summit  of  his  ascent  sound  exactly  like  chip,  chip,  chip, 
chip,  chip,  chip,  about  as  rapidly  as  we  might  utter  them 
in  a  loud  whisper. 

THE  VIRGINIA   RAIL. 

The  shyness  and  timidity  of  the  Virginia  Rail,  and  the 
quickness  of  its  movements,  its  peculiar  graceful  atti- 
tudes, and  the  rare  occasions  on  which  we  can  obtain 
sight  of  one,  combine  to  render  this  bird  highly  interest- 


230  BIRDS   OF   THE   MOOR. 

ing.  It  is  so  seldom  seen  on  account  of  its  habit  of  con- 
cealment during  the  day  and  of  feeding  at  evening  and 
morning  twilight,  that  many  persons  have  never  met  with 
it.  It  is  in  fact  quite  a  common  bird,  and  breeds  in  the 
thickets  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  our  rivers  and  ponds. 
I  have  seen  numbers  of  this  species  in  the  meadows  sur- 
rounding Fresh  Pond  in  Cambridge  when  hunting  for 
aquatic  plants  and  flowers;  but  I  have  not  discovered 
their  nests.  Samuels  says  the  eggs,  which  are  from  six 
to  ten  in  number,  are  of  a  deep  buff  color,  and  that  their 
nest  "is  nothing  but  a  pile  of  weeds  or  grass  which  it 
arranges  in  a  compact  manner,  and  hollows  to  the  depth 
perhaps  of  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half." 

This  is  a  very  pretty  species.  The  upper  parts  are 
brown,  striped  with  deeper  shades  of  the  same  color; 
the  feathers  on  the  breast  are  of  a  bright  brown  deep- 
ening into  red ;  the  wings  black  and  chestnut  with  some 
white  lines.  It  resembles  somewhat  a  miniature  hen  with 
long  legs  and  short  tail,  and  is  very  nimble  in  its  move- 
ments. This  species  is  most  commonly  found  in  those 
fresh  meadows  into  which  the  salt  water  extends  or  those 
salt  marshes  which  are  pervaded  by  a  stream  of  fresh 
water.  They  feed  more  on  worms  and  insects  than  upon 
seeds  and  grain,  though  they  do  not  refuse  a  granivorous 
diet. 

THE   CLAPPER  RAIL. 

I  have  so  seldom  seen  the  Clapper  Rail,  though  I  have 
many  times  heard  its  clattering  notes,  that  I  have  nothing 
to  say  of  it  from  my  own  observation.  But  as  it  is  not 
un frequent  on  the  New  England  coast,  it  seems  a  fit  sub- 
ject to  be  introduced  in  my  descriptions  of  picturesque 
birds.  I  shall,  therefore,  in  this  case  deviate  from  my 
general  practice  of  writing  from  my  own  experience, 
and  insert  in  this  place  a  brief  abstract  of  an  essay  on 


BIRDS   OF   THE   MOOR.  231 

"  The  Clapper  Rail,"  by  Dr.  E.  Coues,  published  in  the 
"  American  Naturalist,"  Vol.  III.  pp.  600  -  607. 

The  Clapper  Kail,  or  Salt-water  Marsh  Hen,  inhabits 
the  marshes  all  along  our  coast,  within  reach  of  the  tides, 
rarely,  if  ever,  straying  inward.  It  goes  as  far  as  Massa- 
chusetts, where  it  is  rare ;  but  is  found  abundantly  in  the 
Middle  States,  and  in  countless  numbers  on  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina,  where  it  spends  the  whole  year.  The 
young  birds  while  in  their  downy  plumage  are  jet  black, 
with  a  faint  gloss  of  green,  resembling  newly  hatched 
chickens.  Rails  live  in  the  marshes,  and  are  not  very 
often  seen  except  when  they  fly  up. 

The  eggs  of  the  Clapper  Rail  are  of  a  pale  buff  or 
cream  color.  They  are  dotted  or  splashed  with  irregular 
spots  of  a  dull  purple  or  lilac  color;  and  the  number 
found  in  a  nest  is  from  six  to  nine.  They  raise  two 
broods  in  a  season,  and  some  idea  of  the  countless  num- 
bers of  Rails  in  the  marshes  may  be  gained  from  the  fact 
that  baskets  full  of  eggs  are  gathered  by  boys  and  brought 
to  the  Beaufort  -market. 

The  Rails'  nests  are  sometimes  floated  away  and  de- 
stroyed by  an  unusual  rise  of  the  tide  caused  by  a  storm. 
A  great  tragedy  of  this  kind  happened  at  Fort  Macon^on 
the  22d  of  May,  1869,  when  the  marsh,  usually  above 
water,  was  flooded,  —  only  here  and  there  a  little  knoll 
breaking  the  monotony  of  the  water.  There  was  a  ter- 
rible commotion  among  the  Rails  at  first,  and  the  reeds 
resounded  with  their  hoarse  cries  of  terror.  But  as  the 
waters  advanced  and  inundated  their  houses  the  birds 
became  silent  again,  as  if  in  unspeakable  misery.  They 
wandered  in  listless  dejection  over  beds  of  floating  wrack; 
swam  aimlessly  over  the  water,  or  gathered  stupefied  in 
groups  upon  projecting  knolls.  Few  of  the  old  birds 
probably  were  drowned,  but  most  of  the  young  must 
have  perished. 


232  BIRDS   OF   THE   MOOR. 

As  if  to  guard  against  such  an  accident,  the  Rails  gen- 
erally build  their  nests  around  the  margins  of  the  marsh 
or  in  elevated  spots,  at  about  the  usual  high- water  mark. 
The  nest  is  always  placed  on  the  ground,  in  a  bunch  of 
reeds  or  tussock  of  grass  or  clump  of  little  bushes.  It 
is  a  flimsy  structure  made  of  dry  grasses  or  reed-stalks 
broken  in  pieces  and  matted  together,  but  not  inter- 
twined. Sometimes  it  is  barely  thick  enough  to  keep 
the  eggs  from  the  wet. 

The  Rail,  though  not  formed  like  a  natatorial  bird, 
swims  very  well  for  short  distances.  Dr.  Coues  has 
often  seen  it  take  to  the  water  from  choice,  without 
necessity,  and  noticed  that  it  swam  buoyantly  and  with 
ease,  like  a  coot.  But  the  bird  is  a  poor  flyer,  and  it  is 
surprising,  therefore,  that  some  of  the  family  perform  such 
extensive  migrations.  The  Rails,  in  fact,  are  not  distin- 
guished either  as  flyers  or  swimmers.  But  as  walkers 
they  are  unsurpassed ;  and  have  the  power  of  making  a 
remarkable  compression  of  their  body,  that  enables  them 
to  pass  through  close-set  reeds.  The  bird  indeed,  when 
rapidly  and  slyly  stealing  through  the  brush,  becomes 
literally  as  "  thin  as  a  rail." 

Rails  are  among  the  most  harmless  and  inoffensive  of 
birds.  But  when  wounded  or  caught,  they  make  the  best 
fight  they  can  and  show  good  spirit.  In  this  case  they 
use  their  sharp  claws  for  a  weapon  rather  than  their  slen- 
der bill.  A  colony  of  Rails  goes  far  towards  relieving  a 
marsh  of  its  monotony.  Retiring  and  unfamiliar  as  they 
are,  and  seldom  seen,  considering  their  immense  numbers, 
they  have  at  times  a  very  effective  way  of  asserting  them- 
selves. Silent  during  a  great  part  of  the  year,  or  at  most 
only  indulging  in  a  spasmodic  croak  now  and  then,  dur- 
ing the  breeding-season  they  are  perhaps  the  noisiest  birds 
in  the  country.  Let  a  gun  be  fired  in  the  marsh,  and  like 
the  reverberating  echoes  of  the  report  a  hundred  cries 


BIRDS  OF   THE   MOOR.  23o 

come  instantly  from  as  many  startled  throats.  The  noise 
spreads  on  all  sides,  like  ripples  on  the  water  at  the  plash 
of  a  stone,  till  it  dies  away  in  the  distance.  In  the  even- 
ing and  morning  particularly,  the  Kails  seem  perfectly 
reckless,  and  their  jovial  if  unmusical  notes  resound  till 
the  very  reeds  seem  to  quake.  Dr.  Coues  compares  them 
to  the  French  claqueurs.  Unobtrusive,  unrecognized  ex- 
cept by  a  few,  almost  unknown  to  the  uninitiated,  the 
birds  steadily  and  faithfully  fulfil  their  allotted  parts; 
like  claqueurs  they  fill  the  pit,  ready  at  a  sign  to  applaud 
anything  that  may  be  going  on  in  the  drama  of  life  before 
them. 

THE  HERON. 

No  family  of  birds  is  possessed  of  more  of  those 
qualities  which  are  especially  regarded  as  picturesque 
than  the  Herons.  This  family  comprehends  a  great  many 
species,  distinguished  by  their  remarkable  appearance 
both  when  flying  aloft  and  when  wading  in  their  native 
swamps.  They  -are  generally  seen  in  flocks,  passing  the 
day  in  sluggish  inactivity,  but  called  forth  to  action  by 
hunger  in  the  evening  when  they  take  their  food.  It  is 
at  the  hour  just  after  twilight  that  their  peculiar  cries 
are  heard  far  aloft  as  they  pass  from  their  secluded  day- 
haunts  to  their  nocturnal  feeding-places.  Their  flight 
deserves  attention  from  their  slow  and  solemn  motion  on 
the  wing.  Their  flying  attitude,  however,  is  uncouth, 
with  the  neck  bent  backwards,  their  head  resting  against 
their  shoulders,  and  their  long  legs  stretched  out  behind 
them  in  the  most  awkward  manner. 


THE   BITTERN. 

Among  the  Heron  family  we  discover  a  few  birds  which, 
though  not  very  well  known,  have  ways  that  are  singular 


234  BIRDS   OF   THE   MOOR. 

and  interesting.  Goldsmith  considered  one  of  these 
worthy  of  introduction  into  his  "Deserted  Village"  as 
contributing  to  the  poetic  sentiment  of  desolation.  Thus, 
in  his  description  of  the  grounds  which  were  the  ancient 
site  of  the  village,  we  read :  — 

"Along  its  glades,  a  solitary  guest, 
The  hollow-sounding  Bittern  guards  its  nest." 

The  American  Bittern  is  a  smaller  bird  than  the  one  to 
which  the  poet  alludes,  but  is  probably  a  variety  of  the 
European  species.  It  displays  the  same  nocturnal  habits, 
and  has  received  at  the  South  the  name  of  Dmikadoo, 
from  the  resemblance  of  its  common  note  to  those  sylla- 
bles. This  is  a  hollow-sounding  noise,  which  would  at- 
tract the  attention  of  every  listener.  I  have  heard  it  by 
day  in  wooded  swamps  near  ponds,  and  am  at  a  loss  to 
explain  how  so  small  a  bird  can  produce  so  low  and  hol- 
low a  note.  The  common  people  of  England  have  a 
notion  that  it  thrusts  its  head  into  a  hollow  reed  and  uses 
it  as  a  speaking-trumpet,  and  at  times  puts  its  head  into 
the  water  and  bubbles  its  notes  in  imitation  of  a  bullfrog. 
The  American  Bittern  utters  another  note  resembling  the 
sound  produced  by  hammering  upon  a  stake  when  driv- 
ing it  into  the  ground.  Hence  the  name  of  Stake-driver 
applied  to  him  in  some  parts  of  New  England. 

THE   QUA   BIRD. 

On  a  still  evening  in  summer  no  sound  is  more  com- 
mon above  our  heads  than  the  singular  voice  of  the  Qua 
Bird,  as  he  passes  in  slow  and  solemn  flight  from  his  re- 
treats where  he  passes  the  day  to  his  feeding-places  upon 
the  sea-shore.  His  note  is  like  the  syllable  quaw  sud- 
denly pronounced.  If  it  were  prolonged  it  might  resem- 
ble the  cawing  of  a  Crow.  This  note  is  very  frequently 
repeated,  though  one  note  by  the  same  bird  is  never 


BIRDS   OF   THE   MOOR.  235 

immediately  succeeded  by  another.  The  birds  of  this 
species  are  social  in  their  habits,  and  the  woods  in  which 
they  assemble  are  called  heronries.  During  the  breed- 
ing-season they  are  extremely  noisy,  uttering  the  most 
uncouth  and  unmusical  sounds  that  can  be  imagined. 

THE  CRANE,  OR  BLUE  HERON. 

The  Crane  is  a  very  attractive  bird ;  but  the  only  in- 
dividuals of  the  species  I  have  seen  enough  to  study 
their  ways  and  manners  were  tamed.  There  is  a  sort  of 
majesty  in  their  appearance  which  I  could  not  but  admire. 
"During  the  day,"  says  Samuels,  "the  Crane  seems  to 
prefer  the  solitudes  of  the  forest  for  its  retreat,  as  it  is 
usually  seen  in  the  meadows  only  at  early  morning  and 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  afternoon.  It  then,  by  the  side 
of  a  ditch  or  a  pond,  is  observed  patiently  watching  for 
its  prey.  It  remains  standing  motionless,  until  a  fish  or 
a  frog  presents  itself,  when  with  an  unerring  stroke  with 
its  beak,  as  quick  as  lightning  it  seizes,  beats  to  pieces, 
and  swallows  it.  This  act  is  often  repeated ;  and  as  the 
Heron  varies  this  diet  with  meadow-mice,  snakes,  and 
insects,  it  certainly  does  not  lead  the  life  of  misery  and 
want  that  many  writers  ascribe  to  it." 

This  bird,  like  the  Night  Heron,  breeds  in  communities. 
Samuels  once  visited  with  some  attendants  a  heronry  of 
this  species  in  a  deep  swamp,  intersected  by  a  branch  of 
the  Androscoggin  Eiver.  The  swamp  over  which  he  had 
to  pass  was  full  of  quagmires  ;  and  these  he  could  hardly 
distinguish  from  the  green  turfy  ground.  It  was  only  by 
wading  through  mud  and  water,  sometimes  nearly  up  to 
his  waist,  or  by  leaping  from  one  fallen  tree  to  another, 
through  briers  and  brushwood,  that  he  arrived  beneath 
the  trees  which  the  birds  occupied.  These  were  dead 
hemlocks,  without  branches  less  than  thirty  feet  from  the 


236 


BIRDS   OF   THE   MOOR. 


ground,  and  could  not  be  climbed.  The  nests,  placed  in 
the  summits  of  the  trees,  were  nearly  flat,  constructed  of 
twigs  and  put  together  very  loosely.  It  was  on  the  25th 
of  June,  and  the  young  were  about  two  thirds  grown. 
He  says  the  old  birds  flew  over  their  heads  uttering  their 
hoarse,  husky,  and  guttural  cries.  He  observed,  however, 
that  they  were  careful  to  keep  out  of  gunshot.  The  eggs, 
he  says,  are  of  a  bluish-green  color,  and  but  one  brood 
is  reared  in  the  season.  The  birds  are  very  suspicious  ; 
they  are  constantly  looking  out  for  danger,  and  with 
their  keen  eyes,  long  neck,  and  fine  sense  of  hearing, 
they  immediately  detect  the  approach  of  a  gunner. 


730 


HERON. 


TESTIMONY  FOE  THE  BIEDS. 

A  FARMER'S  boy  in  Ohio,  observing  a  small  flock  of 
quails  in  his  father's  cornfield,  resolved  to  watch  their 
motions.  They  pursued  a  regular  course  in  their  forag- 
ing, beginning  on  one  side  of  the  field,  taking  about  five 
rows  and  following  them  uniformly  to  the  opposite  end. 
Returning  in  the  same  manner  over  the  next  five  rows, 
they  continued  this  course  until  they  had  explored  the 
greater  part  of  the  field.  The  lad,  suspecting  them  of 
pulling  up  the  corn,  shot  one  of  them  and  examined  the 
ground.  In  the  whole  space  over  which  they  had  trav- 
elled he  found  but  one  stalk  of  corn  disturbed.  This 
was  nearly  scratched  out  of  the  ground,  but  the  kernel 
still  adhered  to  it.  In  the  craw  of  the  quail  he  found 
one  cutworm,  twenty-one  striped  vine-bugs,  and  one  hun- 
dred chinch-bugs,  but  not  a  single  kernel  of  corn.  As 
the  quail  is  a  granivorous  bird  in  winter,  this  fact  proves 
that  even  those  birds  that  are  able  to  subsist  upon  seeds 
prefer  insects  and  grubs  when  they  have  their  choice. 

Mr.  Roberts,  a  farmer  who  resided  in  Colesville,  Ohio, 
was  invited  by  a  neighbor  to  assist  him  in  killing  some 
yellow-birds  which,  as  he  thought,  were  destroying  his 
wheat.  Mr.  Roberts,  not  believing  the  birds,  guilty  of 
any  such  mischief,  was  inclined  to  protect  them.  To 
satisfy  his  curiosity,  however,  he  killed  one  of  the  yellow- 
birds,  and  found,  upon  opening  its  crop,  that  instead  of 
wheat  the  bird  had  devoured  the  weevil,  the  greatest  de- 
stroyer of  wheat.  He  found  in  the  bird's  crop  as  many 
as  two  hundred  weevils  and  but  four  grains  of  wheat; 


2bt  TESTIMONY   FOR   THE   BIRDS. 

and  as  each  of  those  grains  contained  a  weevil,  he  be- 
lieved they  were  eaten  for  the  sake  of  the  insect  within 
them.  The  jealousy  of  the  Ohio  farmers  had  prompted 
them  in  this  case  to  destroy  a  family  of  birds,  at  the  very 
time  when  they  were  performing  an  incalculable  amount 
of  benefit  to  agriculture. 

The  Southern  farmers  suspected  the  kildeer,  a  species 
of  plover,  of  destroying  young  turnips.  A  writer  in  the 
"  Southern  Planter,"  alluding  to  this  notion,  declares  the 
kildeer  to  be  the  true  guardian  of  the  turnip  crop;  and 
to  prove  his  assertion  he  dissected  a  number  of  them. 
Their  crops  were  found  to  contain  no  vegetable  substance. 
Nothing  was  found  in  them  save  the  little  bug  that  is  a 
well-known  destroyer  of  turnips  and  tobacco-plants. 
They  were  little  hopping  beetles,  and  were  rapidly  in- 
creasing, because  the  kildeers,  their  natural  enemies,  had 
been  nearly  exterminated.  "  I  seldom  nowadays,"  he  says, 
"hear  the  kildeer's  voice.  Let  no  man  henceforth  kill 
one  except  to  convince  himself  and  others  that  they  eat 
no  young  turnips.  The  sacrifice  of  one,  producing  sucli 
conviction,  may  save  hundreds  of  his  brethren." 

Insects  of  various  kinds,  in  the  year  1826,  had  become 
so  generally  destructive  as  to  cause  apprehensions  for  the 
safety  of  all  products  of  the  field.  A  correspondent  of 
the  "  Massachusetts  Yeoman "  expressed  his  belief  that 
this  unusual  number  of  injurious  insects  was  caused  by 
the  scarcity  of  birds.  His  neighbors  were  astonished  that 
everything  in  his  garden  should  be  so  thrifty,  while  their 
plants  were  cut  down  and  destroyed  before  they  had  ac- 
quired any  important  growth.  "  I  have  no  concern  about 
it,"  he  replied  ;  "  my  robins  see  to  that.  I  preserve  them 
from  their  enemies,  and  they  preserve  my  garden  from 
worms  and  insects.  In  one  corner  of  my  garden  near 
my  dwelling  is  a  tree  in  which  a  couple  of  these  friends 
of  man  have  reared  their  families  for  three  successive 


TESTIMONY  FOR  THE  BIRDS.  239 

years.  There  has  ever  been  a  harmony  between  my  birds 
and  me."  He  protected  all  the  birds  that  frequented  his 
grounds,  and  they  devoured  the  insects  that  infested 
them.  Grasshoppers,  he  said,  in  the  early  stage  of  their 
existence  are  not  bigger  than  flies.  Ten  or  twelve  birds 
would  clear  a  whole  field  of  them  before  they  could  do 
any  injury  to  the  grass-crop. 

Small  owls  are  useful  as  destroyers  of  the  larger  moths 
and  nocturnal  insects,  and  they  are  excellent  mousers. 
Hon.  Pdchard  Peters,  in  "  The  Memoirs  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Society  for  Promoting  Agriculture,"  says  that  all 
owls  are  destroyers  of  mice.  A  pine-tree  near  his  house 
afforded  a  resort  to  about  a  dozen  of  these  birds  during 
the  winter.  From  witnessing  their  operations,  he  con- 
cluded that  a  few  of  them,  if  harbored  near,  would  clear 
the  fields,  barns,  and  out-houses  of  vermin.  He  says  it 
is  only  the  larger  species  that  will  attack  poultry  or  do 
any  other  damage. 

The  inhabitants  of  a  new  country,  like  America,  are  not 
so  well  informed  of  the  evils  that  follow  the  destruction 
of  birds  as  those  of  old  countries,  who  have  learned  from 
the  experience  of  many  generations  the  indispensable 
character  of  their  services.  Vincent  Kollar  says,  if  we 
would  prevent  the  increase  of  the  cockchafer,  we  must 
spare  the  birds  that  feed  upon  its  larva.  Among  these 
he  thinks  the  crow  deserves  the  first  place.  The  bird 
follows  the  plough  to  obtain  the  larva  of  this  and  other 
insects  as  they  are  turned  out  by  the  furrows.  In  gar- 
dens he  walks  among  the  plants,  and  wherever  one  has 
begun  to  wither  he  plunges  his  bill  into  the  ground  and 
draws  out  the  grub.  Crows  do  the  same  in  the  meadows, 
which  are  sometimes  nearly  covered  with  them.  The 
American  crow  has  the  same  habits ;  but  he  does  not  fol- 
low the  plough,  from  his  fear  of  the  farmer's  gun.  Our 
people  will  not  believe  that  the  crow  does  anything  but 


240  TESTIMONY   FOR   THE   BIRDS. 

mischief.  But  John  Eandolph  was  so  well  convinced  of 
the  usefulness  of  crows,  that  he  would  not  allow  one  to 
be  shot  upon  his  farm.  To  prevent  their  depredations  he 
fed  them  liberally  when  his  young  corn  was  liable  to  be 
injured  by  them. 

Mr.  E.  S.  Samuels,  while  admitting  the  important  ser- 
vices rendered  by  the  crow  as  a  destroyer  of  insects, 
larva,  and  vermin,  thinks  it  counterbalances  all  its  ser- 
vices by  its  habit  of  devouring  young  birds  while  in  their 
nest,  of  which  it  destroys  an  immense  number.  His 
reasoning  is  logical,  and  I  have  no  information  that 
would  lead  me  to  doubt  his  facts.  It  seems  probable, 
however,  that  the  crow  would  find  its  time  more  profita- 
bly spent  in  exploring  the  fields  for  grubs  and  worms  than 
in  hunting  for  birds'-nests. 

Nuttall,  after  describing  the  mischief  done  to  the  corn- 
crop  by  immense  assemblages .  of  crow-blackbirds  in  the 
Southern  States  and  the  hatred  borne  them  by  the  far- 
mers on  that  account,  remarks  that  on  their  arrival  their 
food  for  a  long  time  consists  wholly  of  those  insects 
which  are  the  greatest  pests  to  the  farmer.  He  says  they 
familiarly  follow  the  plough,  and  take  all  the  grubs  and 
other  noxious  vermin  as  they  appear,  scratching  the  loose 
soil,  that  none  may  escape.  He  affirms  that  up  to  the 
time  of  the  harvest  he  has  found  invariably,  upon  dissec- 
tion, that  their  food  consists  of  larva,  caterpillars,  moths, 
and  beetles,  in  such  immense  quantities  that  if  they  had 
lived  they  would  have  destroyed  the  whole  crop. 


DECEMBER. 

IT  is  one  of  the  most  cheerful  recreations  for  a 
leisure  hour,  to  go  out  into  the  fields,  under  a  mild,  open 
sky,  to  study  the  various  appearances  of  Nature  that 
accompany  the  changes  of  the  seasons,  and  to  note  those 
phenomena  which  are  peculiar  to  a  climate  of  frost  arid 
snow.  The  inhabitant  of  the  tropics  with  his  perpetual 
summer,  who  sees  no  periodical  changes  except  the  alter- 
nations of  rain  and  drought,  is  deprived  of  a  happy  ad- 
vantage possessed  by  the  inhabitant  of  the  north ;  and, 
with  all  the  blessings  of  his  voluptuous  climate,  is  visited 
by  a  smaller  portion  of  the  moral  enjoyments  of  life. 
In  the  minds  of  those  who  dwell  in  a  northern  latitude 
there  are  sentiments  which  are  probably  never  felt  by  the 
indolent  dweller  in  the  land  of  the  date  and  the  palm ; 
and  however  poetical  to  us  may  seem  the  imagery  drawn 
from  the  pictures  we  have  read  of  those  blissful  regions, 
ours  is  most  truly  the  region  of  poetry,  and  of  all  those 
sentiments  which  poetry  aims  to  express. 

It  will  not  be  denied  that  in  winter  Nature  has  com- 
paratively but  few  attractions ;  that  the  woods  and  fields 
offer  but  few  temptations  to  ramble ;  and  that  these  are 
such  as  appeal  to  the  imagination  rather  than  to  the 
senses,  by  furnishing  matter  for  studious  reflection  and 
calling  up  pleasing  and  poetic  images.  The  man  of 
phlegmatic  mind  sees,  in  all  these  phenomena,  nothing 
but  dreariness  and  desolation  ;  while  to  the  studious  or 
the  imaginative,  every  form  of  vegetation  on  the  surface 

of  the  earth  becomes  an  instructive  lesson  or  awakens  a 

16 


242  DECEMBER. 

train  of  imagery  that  inspires  him,  on  a  winter's  walk, 
with  a  buoyancy  not  often  felt  in  the  balmy  days  of  June. 
Then  does  he  trace,  with  unalloyed  delight,  every  green 
leaf  that  seems  budding  out  for  spring ;  and  in  the  gen- 
eral stillness,  every  souiid  from  abroad  has  a  gladness 
in  its  tone  not  surpassed  by  the  melodies  of  a  summer 
morning. 

On  these  pleasant  days  of  winter,  which  are  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  our  variable  climate,  I  often  indulge  myself 
in  a  solitary  ramble,  taking  note  of  those  forms  of  vege- 
tation that  remain  unchanged,  and  of  the.  still  greater 
number  that  lie  folded  in  hyeinal  sleep.  For  such  excur- 
sions the  only  proper  time  is  when  the  earth  is  free  from 
snow,  which,  though  a  beautifier  of  the  prospect,  conceals 
all  minute  objects  that  are  strewed  upon  the  ground  or 
that  are  still  feebly  vegetating  under  the  protection  of 
the  woods.  The  most  prominent  appearances  are  the 
remains  of  autumnal  vegetation.  The  stalks  of  the  faded 
asters  are  still  erect,  with  their  downy  heads  shaking  in 
the  breeze,  which  has  already  scattered  their  seeds  upon 
the  ground  ;  and  the  more  conspicuous  tufts  of  the  golden- 
rods  are  seen  in  nodding  and  irregular  rows  under  the 
fences,  or  bending  over  the  ice  that  covers  the  meadows 
where  they  grew.  All  these  are  but  the  faded  garlands  of 
Nature,  that  pleasantly  remind  us  of  the  past  festivities 
of  summer,  of  cheerful  toil,  or  studious  recreation. 

Nature  never  entirely  conceals  the  beauties  of  the  field 
and  wood  save  when,  for  their  protection,  she  covers  them 
with  snow.  The  faded  remnants  of  last  summer's  vege- 
tation may  have  but  little  positive  beauty ;  but  to  the 
mind  of  the  naturalist  they  are  attractive  on  account  of 
the  lessons  they  afford  and  the  sentiments  they  awaken. 
But  there  are  objects  in  the  wood  which  are  neither  faded 
nor  leafless ;  and  many  that  are  leafless  still  retain  their 
beauty  and  the  appearance  of  life.  Beside  the  ever- 


DECEMBER. 

greens,  many  of  the  herbs  that  bear  the  early  spring 
flowers  still  retain  their  freshness  and  spread  out  their 
green  leaves  in  the  protected  nook  or  in  the  recesses  of 
the  fern-covered  rocks.  The  leaves  of  the  wild  strawberry 
and  the  cinquefoil  are  always  green  in  the  meadows,  and 
those  of  the  violet  on  the  sheltered  slope  of  the  hill. 
The  crowfoot  and  the  geranium  are  in  many  places  as 
fresh  as  in  May;  and  the  aquatic  ranunculus  and  the 
wild  cresses  are  brightly  glowing  with  their  emerald  foli- 
age, in  the  depths  of  the  crystal  watercourses  that  remain 
unfrozen  beneath  the  wooded  precipice,  or  in  the  mossy 
ravines  of  the  forest. 

These  phenomena  are  doubly  interesting  as  evidences 
of  the  continued  life  of  the  beautiful  things  they  repre- 
sent, and  of  the  invisible  and  ever-watchful  providence 
of  Nature.  Every  step  we  take  brings  under  our  review 
other  similar  curiosities  of  vegetable  life,  which,  by  reason 
of  their  commonness,  often  escape  our  observation.  On 
the  sandy  plain  the  slender  hazel-bushes  are  loaded  with 
thousands  of  purple  aments,  suspended  from  their  flexile 
twigs,  all  ready  to  burst  into  bloom  at  the  very  first  breath 
of  spring.  In  the  wet  lands,  where  the  surface  is  one 
continued  sheet  of  ice,  the  crowded  alders  are  so  full 
of  their  embryo  blossoms,  that  their  branches  seem  to 
be  hung  with  dark  purple  fruit ;  and  the  sweet-fern  of 
the  upland  pastures,  in  still,  mild  weather,  often  faintly 
perfumes  the  atmosphere  with  the  scent  of  its  half- 
developed  leaves  and  flowers. 

But  the  face  of  Nature,  at  this  time,  is  riot  an  unfruitful 
subject  for  the  poet  or  -the  painter.  The  evergreens,  if 
not  more  beautiful,  are  more  conspicuous  than  at  any 
other  season ;  and  there  are  many  bountiful  streamlets 
that  ripple  through  the  woods  and  often  in  their  depths 
find  protection  from  the  greatest  cold.  Around  these 
streams  the  embroidering  mosses  are  as  green  as  the 


244  DECEMBER. 

grasses  in  May.  The  water-cresses  may  be  seen  grow- 
ing freshly  at  the  bottom  of  their  channels,  and  the  ferns 
are  beautiful  among  the  shelving  rocks,  through  which 
the  waters  make  their  gurgling  tour.  When  the  sun,  at 
noonday,  penetrates  into  these  green  and  sheltered  re- 
cesses, before  the  snow  has  come  upon  the  earth,  when 
the  pines  are  waving  overhead,  the  laurels  clustering  with 
the  undergrowth,  and  the  dewberry  (evergreen-blackberry) 
trailing  at  our  feet,  we  can  easily  imagine  ourselves  sur- 
rounded by  the  green  luxuriance  of  summer.  Nature 
seems  to  have  prepared  these  pleasant  evergreen  retreats, 
that  they  might  afford  to  her  pious  votaries  a  shelter 
during  their  winter  walks,  and  a  prospect  to  gladden 
their  eyes,  when  they  go  out  to  admire  her  works,  and 
pay  the  homage  of  a  humble  heart  to  the  great  Architect 
of  the  universe. 

Nor  is  the  season  without  its  harvest.  The  bayberry, 
or  false  myrtle,  in  dry  places  gleams  with  dense  clusters 
of  greenish-white  berries,  that  almost  conceal  the  brandies 
by  their  profusion ;  the  pale  azure  berries  of  the  jumper 
are  sparkling  brightly  in  the  midst  of  their  sombre  ever- 
green foliage ;  and  the  prinos  or  black-alder  bushes, 
glowing  with  the  brightest  scarlet  fruit,  and  resembling 
at  a  distance  pyramids  of  flame,  are  irregularly  distrib- 
uted over  the  wooded  swamps.  While  the  barberries 
hang  in  wilted  and  blackened  clusters  from  their  bushes 
in  the  uplands,  the  cranberries  in  the  peat-meadows  shine 
out  like  glistening  rubies,  from  their  masses  of  delicate 
and  tangled  vinery.  In  the  open  places  of  the  woods 
the  earth  is  mantled  with  the  dark  glossy  green  leaves 
of  the  gaultheria,  half  concealing  its  drooping  crimson 
berries ;  and  the  mitchella,  of  a  more  curious  habit,  each 
berry  being  formed  by  the  united  germs  of  two  flowers, 
(twins  upon  the  same  stern,)  adorns  similar  places  with 
fairer  foliage  and  brighter  fruit. 


DECEMBER.  245 

There  is  a  sort  of  perpetual  spring  in  these  protected 
arbors  and  recesses,  where  we  may  at  all  times  behold 
the  springing  herbs  and  sprouting  shrubbery,  when  they 
are  not  hidden  under  the  snow-drift.  The  American  hare 
feeds  upon  the  foliage  of  these  tender  herbs,  when  she 
exposes  herself  at  this  season  to  the  aim  of  the  gunner. 
She  cannot  so  well  provide  for  her  winter  wants  as  the 
squirrel,  whose  food,  contained  in  a  husk  or  a  nutshell, 
may  be  abundantly  hoarded  in  her  subterranean  grana- 
ries. The  hare  in  her  garment  of  fur,  protected  from  the 
cold,  feels  no  dread  of  the  climate ;  and  man  is  almost 
the  only  enemy  who  threatens  her,  when  she  conies  out 
timidly  to  browse  upon  the  scant  leaves  of  the  white 
clover,  or  the  heath-like  foliage  of  the  hypericum. 

But  the  charm  of  a  winter's  walk  is  derived  chiefly 
from  the  flowerless  plants,  —  the  ferns  and  lichens  of  the 
rocks,  the  mosses  of  the  dells  and  meres,  and  the  trail- 
ing wintergreens  of  the  pastoral  hills.  Many  species 
of.  these  plants  seem  to  revel  in  cold  weather,  as  if  it 
were  congenial  to  their  health  and  wants.  To  them  has 
Nature  intrusted  the  care  of  dressing  all  her  barren  places 
in  verdure,  and  of  preserving  a  grateful  remnant  of  sum- 
mer beauty  in  the  dreary  places  of  winter's  abode.  And 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  that,  to  the  fanciful  minds  of 
every  nation,  the  woods  have  always  seemed  to  be  peo- 
pled with  fairy  spirits,  by  whose  unseen  hands  the  earth 
is  garlanded  with  lovely  wreaths  of  verdure  at  a  time 
when  not  a  flower  is  to  be  found  upon  the  hills  or  in  the 
meadow. 

Whether  we  are  adapted  to  nature,  or  nature  to  us,  it 
is  not  to  be  denied  that  on  the  face  of  the  earth  those 
objects  that  appear  to  be  natural  are  more  congenial  to 
our  feelings  than  others  strictly  artificial.  The  lichen- 
covered  rocks,  that  form  so  remarkable  a  feature  of  the 
hills  surrounding  our  coast,  are  far  more  pleasing  to  every 


246  DECEMBER. 

man's  sight  than  similar  rocks  without  this  garniture. 
All  this  may  be  partly  attributed  to  the  different  asso- 
ciations connected  with  the  two,  in  our  habitual  trains 
of  thought;  the  one  presenting  to  us  the  evidence  of 
antiquity,  the  other  only  the  disagreeable  idea  of  that 
defacement  so  generally  attendant  on  the  progress  of 
pioneer  settlements.  Hence  the  lichens  and  mosses, 
upon  the  surface  of  the  rocks,  have  an  expression  which 
has  always  been  eagerly  copied  by  the  painter,  and  is  as- 
sociated with  many  romantic  images,  like  the  clambering 
ivy  upon  the  walls  of  an  ancient  ruined  tower. 

At  this  season,  when  the  greater  part  of  the  landscape 
is  either  covered  with  snow,  or  with  the  seared  and  brown 
herbage  of  winter,  this  vegetation  of  the  rocks  has  a 
singular  interest.  In  summer  the  rocks  are  bald  in  their 
appearance,  while  all  around  them  is  fresh  and  lively. 
In  winter,  on  the  other  hand,  they  are  covered  witli  a 
pale  verdure,  interspersed  with  many  brilliant  colors, 
while  the  surrounding  surface  is  a  comparative  blank. 
Some  objects  are  intrinsically  beautiful,  others  are  beau- 
tiful by  suggestion,  others  again  by  contrast.  This  latter 
principle  causes  many  tilings  to  appear  delightful  to  the 
eye  at  one  period,  which  at  other  times  would,  by  com- 
parison with  brighter  objects,  seem  dull  and  lifeless. 
Hence  on  a  winter's  ramble,  when  there  is  no  snow 
upon  the  ground,  our  attention  is  fixed,  not  only  upon 
the  lichens  and  evergreens,  but  likewise  on  the  bright 
purple  glow  that  proceeds  from  every  plat  of  living  shrub- 
bery which  is  spread  out  in  the  wild.  This  appearance- 
is  beautiful  by  contrast  with  the  dull  sombre  hues  of  the 
surrounding  faded  herbage,  and  it  is  likewise  strongly 
suggestive  of  the  life  and  vigor  of  Nature. 


BIEDS   OF  THE   SEA  AND   THE   SHOEE. 

IN  my  preceding  essays  I  have  treated  of  birds  chiefly 
as  they  are  endowed  with  song,  or  have  some  particularly 
interesting  trait  of  character.  But  I  must  not  omit  those 
birds  which  may  be  especially  regarded  as  picturesque 
objects  in  landscape.  A  large  proportion  of  these  are 
the  birds  of  the  sea  and  the  shore.  They  are  not  sing- 
ing-birds. Nature  has  not  provided  them  with  the  gift 
of  song,  the  music  of  which  would  be  lost  amidst  the 
roaring  and  dashing  of  waves.  Neither  do  I  make 
them  the  subject  of  my  remarks  as  objects  of  Natural 
History,  but  rather  as  actors  in  the  romance  of  Nature. 
I  treat  of  them  as  they  affect  the  pleasant  solitudes  they 
frequent,  and  increase  their  impressiveness  chiefly  by  their 
graceful  or  singular  flight.  To  the  motions  of  birds,  no 
less  than  to  their  beauty  of  plumage  and  to  the  sounds 
of  their  voices,  are  we  indebted  for  a  great  part  of  the  in- 
terest we  feel  in  our  native  land.  The  more  we  study 
them,  the  more  shall  we  feel  that  in  whatever  direction 
we  turn  our  observations,  we  may  extend  them  to  infinity. 
There  is  no  limit  to  the  study  of  Nature.  Even  a  subject 
so  apparently  insignificant  as  the  flight  of  birds  may  open 
the  eyes  to  new  beauties  in  the  aspects  of  Nature  and 
new  sources  of  rational  delight. 

Nothing  can  exceed  the  gracefulness  we  observe  in  the 
flight  of  many  birds  of  the  sea,  from  the  Osprey,  that  vaults 
in  the  upper  region  of  the  clouds,  down  to  the  little  Sand- 
piper, that  charms  the  youthful  sportsman  by  its  merry 
movements  and  circuitous  flights.  These  little  birds 


KINGFISHER 


BIRDS   OF   THE   SEA   AND   THE   SHORE. 

belong  to  the  tribe  of  Waders,  which  are  more  graceful 
in  their  walk  than  any  that  live  in  trees  and  bushes. 
The  great  length  of  their  legs  permits  them  to  take  long 
and  unembarrassed  steps  and  to  move  with  great  facility, 
nodding  all  the  while  with  the  most  amusing  gesticula- 
tions. A  flock  of  Sandpipers  on  the  beach  where  it  is 
left  open  by  the  receding  tide,  employing  themselves  in 
gathering  their  repast  of  marine  insects,  always  in  motion, 
nodding  their  heads  and  bending  their  bodies  as  if  they 
moved  them  on  a  pivot,  now  carelessly  taking  their  food, 
then  suddenly  raising  their  heads  upon  a  slight  alarm, 
now  moving  in  companies  a  short  distance,  then  rising  in 
a  momentary  flight,  is,  to  the  eye  of  a  young  sportsman, 
one  of  the  most  interesting  sights  in  animated  nature. 

The  interest  we  feel  in  these  birds  is  caused  by  their 
picturesque  assemblages  in  twittering  flocks  and  by  their 
peculiar  cries.  The  voices  of  the  sea-birds  have  a  family 
resemblance.  We  can  always  distinguish  their  cries,  which 
are  shrill  and  piercing.  Their  notes  are  never  low  and 
could  seldom  be  mistaken  for  those  of  land-birds.  The 
Sandpipers  afford  great  sport  to  young  gunners,  who  over- 
take and  surprise  them  upon  the  flats  of  solitary  inlets 
when  the  tide  is  low.  They  arrive  in  dense  flocks,  alight- 
ing at  the  edge  of  the  tide  and  taking  the  insects  as 
they  are  uncovered ;  and  the  dashing  of  the  waves  close 
to  their  ranks  causes  them  to  be  constantly  flitting  as 
they  break  at  their  feet.  While  we  watch  them  there 
seems  to  be  an  active  contention  between  them  and  the 
rippling  edges  of  the  water. 

It  is  in  winter  that  the  picturesque  movements  of  land- 
birds  are  most  apparent.  In  summer  and  in  autumn, 
before  the  fall  of 'the  leaf,  birds  are  partially  concealed 
by  the  foliage  of  trees  and  shrubs,  so  that  the  manner  of 
their  flight  cannot  be  so  easily  observed.  In  winter,  if 
we  start. a  flock  of  them  from  the  ground,  we  may  watch 


*«JV  BIRDS    OF    THE    SEA    AND    THE   SHORE. 

all  the  peculiarities  of  their  movements.  I  have  alluded 
to  the  descent  of  Snow-Buntings  upon  the  landscape 
as  singularly  beautiful ;  but  the  motions  of  a  flock  of 
Quails,  when  feeding  in  an  open  space  in  a  wood  or 
when  suddenly  alarmed,  are  equally  interesting.  When 
a  Dove  or  a  Swallow  takes  flight,  its  progress  through 
the  air  is  so  rapid  and  the  motions  of  its  wings  so  un- 
discernible  as  to  injure  the  beauty  of  its  flight.  We 
hardly  observe  anything  so  much  as  its  rapidity.  It  is 
quite  otherwise  with  the  Quail.  The  body  of  this  bird 
is  plump  and  heavy  and  its  wings  short,  with  a  peculiar 
concavity  of  the  under  surface  when  expanded.  The 
motions  of  the  wings  are  very  rapid,  arid,  having  but 
little  sweep,  the  bird  seems  to  hang  in  the  air,  and  is  car- 
ried along  moderately  by  a  rapid  vibration  of  the  wings, 
describing  about  half  a  circle.  Hence  we  see  the  shape 
of  the  bird  during  its  flight. 

Birds  of  prey  are  remarkable  for  their  steady  and 
graceful  flight.  The  motions  of  their  wings  are  slow, 
but  they  are  capable  of  propelling  themselves  through  the 
air  with  great  rapidity.  The  circumgyrations  of  a  Hawk, 
when  reconnoitring  far  aloft  in  the  heavens,  are  very 
picturesque,  and  have  been  used  at  all  times  to  give  char- 
acter to  certain  landscape  scenes  in  painting.  A  single 
picturesque  attitude  is  sufficient  to  suggest  a  whole  series 
of  movements  to  one  who  has  frequently  watched  them. 
The  Raven  and  Crow  are  slow  in  their  flight,  which  is 
apparently  difficult.  Hence  these  birds  are  easily  over- 
taken and  annoyed  by  smaller  birds,  which  are  ever 
watchful  for  an  occasion  to  attack  them  without  danger. 
Crows  are  not  formed,  like  Falcons,  to  take  their  prey  on 
the  wing,  and  they  cannot  perform  those  graceful  and 
difficult  evolutions  that  distinguish  the  flight  of  birds  of 
prey. 

Small  birds  of  the  Sparrow  tribe  and  some  others  gen- 


BIRDS   OF   THE   SEA   AND   THE   SHORE.  251 

erally  move  in  an  undulating  course,  alternately  rising  and 
sinking.  The  species  that  move  in  this  way  seldom  fly  to 
great  heights,  and  are  incapable  of  making  a  long  jour- 
ney without  frequent  intervals  of  rest.  They  perform 
their  migrations  by  short  daily  stages.  The  flight  of  the 
little  Sandpipers  that  frequent  salt  marshes  in  numerous 
flocks  would  be  an  interesting  study.  These  birds  are 
capable  of  sustaining  an  even  flight  in  a  perfectly  hori- 
zontal line,  only  a  few  inches  above  the  sandy  beach. 
When  they  alight  they  seldom  make  a  curve  or  gyra- 
tion. They  descend  in  a  straight  line,  though  obliquely. 
Snow-Buntings  turn  about,  just  before  they  reach  the 
ground,  and  come  down  spirally.  I  have  seen  them  per- 
form the  most  intricate  movements,  like  those  of  people 
in  a  cotillon,  executed  with  the  rapidity  of  arrows,  when 
suddenly  checked  in  their  course  by  the  discovery  of  a 
field  covered  with  ripened  grasses. 

THE   KINGFISHER. 

If  we  leave  the  open  field  and  wood,  and  ramble  near 
the  coast  of  some  secluded  branch  of  the  sea  we  may  be 
startled  by  the  harsh  voice  of  the  Kingfisher,  like  the 
sound  of  the  watchman's  rattle.  This  bird  is  the  cele- 
brated Alcedo  or  Halcyon  of  the  ancients,  who  attributed 
to  it  supernatural  powers.  It  was  supposed  to  con- 
struct its  nest  upon  the  waves,  where  it  was  made  to 
float  like  a  vessel  at  anchor.  But  as  the  turbulence  of  a 
storm  would  be  likely  to  destroy  it,  Nature  has  gifted  the 
sitting  birds  with  the  power  of  stilling  the  motion  of  the 
winds  and  waves  during  the  period  of  incubation.  The 
serene  weather  that  accompanies  the  summer  solstice  was 
believed  to  be  the  enchanted  effect  of  the  benign  influence 
of  this  family  of  birds.  Hence  the  name  of  Halcyon  days 
was  applied  to  this  period  of  tranquillity. 


252  BIRDS   OF   THE   SEA   AND   THE   SHORE. 

It  is  remarkable  that  fable  should  add  to  these  super- 
natural gifts  the  power  of  song,  as  one  of  the  accomplish- 
ments of  the  Kingfisher.  This  belief  must  have  been 
very  general  among  the  ancients,  and  not  confined  to 
the  Greeks  and  Eomans.  Some  of  the  Asiatic  nations 
still  wear  the  skin  of  the  Kingfisher  about  their  persons 
as  a  protection  against  moral  and  physical  evils.  The 
feathers  are  used  as  love-charms;  and  it  is  believed,  if 
the  body  of  the  Kingfisher  be  evenly  fixed  upon  a  pivot, 
it  will  turn  its  head  to  the  north  like  the  magnetic 
needle. 

The  Kingfisher  is  singularly  grotesque  in  his  appear- 
ance, though  not  without  beauty  of  plumage.  His  long, 
straight,  and  quadrangular  bill,  his  short  and  diminutive 
feet  and  legs,  his  immense  head,  and  his  plumage  of 
dusky  blue,  with  a  bluish  band  on  the  breast,  and  a  white 
collar  around  the  neck,  form  a  mixture  of  the  grotesque 
and  the  beautiful  which,  considered  in  connection  with 
his  singularity  of  habits,  may  account  for  the  super- 
stitions that  attach  to  his  history.  He  sits  patiently, 
like  an  angler,  on  a  post  at  the  head  of  a  wharf,  or  on  the 
trunk  of  a  tree  that  extends  over  the  bank,  and,  leaning 
obliquely  with  extended  head  and  beak,  he  watches  for  his 
finny  prey.  There,  with  the  light-blue  sky  above  him  and 
the  dark-blue  waves  beneath,  nothing  on  the  surface  of  the 
water  can  escape  his  penetrating  eyes.  Quickly,  with  a 
sudden  swoop,  he  seizes  a  single  fish  from  an  unsuspect- 
ing shoal,  and  announces  his  success  by  the  peculiar 
sound  of  his  rattle. 

THE   SPOTTED   TATTLER. 

A  very  interesting  bird  inhabiting  the  shores  of  seas 
and  lakes  is  the  Peetweet,  or  Spotted  Tattler.  The  birds 
of  this  species  breed  in  all  parts  of  New  England,  arriv- 


BIRDS   OF   THE   SEA   AND   THE   SHORE. 

ing  soon  after  the  first  of  May,  and  assembling  in  occa- 
sional twittering  flocks,  skimming  along  the  edges  of 
some  creek  or  inlet,  most  numerously  after  the  tide  has 
left  the  beach.  In  their  circuitous  flights  they  follow  all 
the  inequalities  of  the  coast.  It  is  amusing  to  watch 
their  ways  when  they  are  preparing  for  incubation,  rest- 
less and  anxious,  and  uttering  their  lively  and  plaintive 
cry,  like  the  syllables  peet-weet,  repeating  the  last  with 
the  rising  inflection.  They  resemble  the  notes  of  the 
little  Wood-Sparrow,  when  repeated  many  times  in  suc- 
cession, except  that  the  Tattler  utters  them  without  in- 
creasing their  rapidity  or  varying  their  tone.  These 
notes  approach  more  nearly  to  music  than  those  of  any 
other  bird  of  the  sea  or  the  shore. 

The  Tattlers  build  in  the  meadows  among  the  rushes, 
sometimes  in  a  tilled  field  arid  very  near  human  dwell- 
ings, where  they  are  seen  roaming  about  with  their  young, 
like  a  hen  with  her  chickens,  searching  for  worms  and 
grubs.  They  are  very  liable  to  be  shot,  while  attracting 
attention  by  their  lively  motions  and  their  low  and  musi- 
cal flight.  The  young  follow  the  parent  as  soon  as  they 
are  hatched,  when  their  downy  plumage  is  of  an  almost 
uniform  light-grayish  color.  If  surprised,  they  imme- 
diately hide  themselves  among  the  herbage,  while  the 
parent  by  her  motions  and  cries  endeavors  to  draw  atten- 
tion exclusively  to  herself. 

The  birds  of  this  species  have  been  so  wantonly  and 
mercilessly  hunted  by  gunners  of  all  ages,  that  they  have 
become  extremely  shy,  and  have  lost  all  confidence  in 
man.  Yet,  if  they  were  harbored  and  protected  from 
annoyance  and  danger,  they  would  grow  tame  and  con- 
fiding, and  our  fields  and  gardens  would  be  full  of  them. 
A  brood  of  them  following  the  hen  would  be  indefatigable 
hunters  of  insects  in  pastures  and  tilled  lands.  A  few 
pairs  with  their  young  would  perform  incalculable  service 


254  BIRDS   OF   THE   SEA   AND   THE   SHORE. 

on  every  farm,  and  if  encouraged  and  protected,  would 
soon  reward  us  with  their  confidence  and  their  services. 
These  little  birds  are  incapable  of  doing. any  mischief, 
even  if  there  were  fifty  of  them  on  every  farm.  They 
take  no  fruit;  they  do  not  bite  off  the  tops  of  tender 
herbs,  like  poultry;  they  are  interesting  in  their  ways; 
and  the  only  cause  of  their  scarcity  is  the  destruction  of 
them  by  gunners. 

THE   UPLAND   PLOVER. 

This  is  a  species  allied  to  the  Peetweet,  and  well  known 
by  the  name  of  Hill-Birds.  They  are  of  a  solitary  habit, 
not  to  be  compared  in  utility  and  interest  with  the  little 
Peetweet.  They  are  seldom  seen  in  flocks.  We  know 
them  chiefly  by  their  notes,  which  are  familiar  to  all  as 
heard  at  dawn  or  early  evening  twilight.  These  melan- 
choly whistling  notes  are  uttered  as  they  pass  from  their 
feeding-places,  while  flying  at  a  great  height,  and  the 
hour  of  darkness  when  they  are  heard,  and  their  plain- 
tive modulation,  render  them  the  most  striking  sounds 
of  a  late  summer  evening. 

THE   GULL. 

Among  the  birds  which  are  most  conspicuous  about 
our  coast,  I  should  mention  the  Gulls.  They  are  not  very 
interesting  birds ;  but  their  screaming  voices  remind  us 
of  their  habitats,  and  their  picturesque  motions  are  famil- 
iar to  all  who  are  accustomed  to  the  sea-shore.  They 
associate  in  miscellaneous  flocks,  containing  often  several 
species,  and  enliven  the  hour  and  the  prospect  by  their 
manoeuvres  and  their  peculiar  cries.  The  Gull  is  distin- 
guished by  its  small  and  lean  body,  which  is  covered  with 
a  great  quantity  of  feathers.  Its  wings  and  head  are  very 


BIRDS   OF   THE   SEA   AND   THE   SHORE.  255 

large,  all  uniting  to  give  the  bird  a  false  appearance  of 
size.  Hence,  I  suppose,  originated  the  word,  when  used 
to  imply  deception.  The  sportsman  who  for  the  first 
time  has  shot  one  of  these  birds,  expecting  to  find  it  large 
and  plump,  and  discovers  only  a  miserable  lean  carcass 
imbedded  in  a  large  mass  of  feathers,  is  said  to  be  gulled. 

THE   LOON. 

I  must  not  conclude  without  mentioning  the  Loon,  one 
of  the  most  romantic  of  birds,  the  Hermit  of  our  northern 
lakes,  and  so  exceedingly  shy  that  it  is  rarely  seen  ex- 
cept at  a  great  distance.  This  bird  belongs  to  the  family 
of  Divers,  so  called  from  their  habit  of  disappearing  under 
the  water  at  the  moment  when  they  catch  a  glimpse  of 
any  human  being.  The  Loon  inhabits  the  northern  parts 
of  Europe  and  North  America,  and  is  occasionally  seen 
and  heard  in  the  lakes  of  New  England,  but  chiefly  now 
in  those  of  Northern  Maine.  As  population  increases, 
this  species  retires  to  more  solitary  places. 

In  allusion  to  the  scream  of  this  bird,  Nuttall  says : 
"  Far  out  at  sea  in  winter  and  in  the  great  northern  lakes, 
I  have  often  heard  on  a  fine,  calm  morning  the  sad  and 
wolfish  call  of  the  solitary  Loon,  which  like  a  dismal  echo 
seems  slowly  to  invade  the  ear,  and  rising  as  it  proceeds 
dies  away  in  the  air.  This  boding  sound  to  the  mariner, 
supposed  to  be  indicative  of  a  storm,  may  be  heard  some- 
times for  two  or  three  miles,  when  the  bird  itself  is  invis- 
ible or  reduced  almost  to  a  speck  in  the  distance.  The 
aborigines,  almost  as  superstitious  as  sailors,  dislike  to 
hear  the  cry  of  the  Loon,  considering  the  bird,  from  its  shy 
and  extraordinary  habits,  as  a  sort  of  supernatural  being. 
By  the  Norwegians  it  is  with  more  appearance  of  reason 
supposed  to  portend  rain." 


FACTS  THAT  PROVE  THE  UTILITY  OF  BIRDS. 

THE  consequences  which  have  followed  the  destruction 
of  birds  in  many  well-authenticated  instances  are  suffi- 
cient to  demonstrate  their  utility.  Professor  Jenks  men- 
tions a  case  communicated  by  one  of  his  female  correspond- 
ents. In  former  times,  as  she  had  been  told  by  her  father, 
an  annual  shooting-match  was  customary  on  election  day 
in  May.  On  one  of  these  occasions,  about  the  year  1820, 
in  North  Bridge  water,  Mass.,  the  birds  were  killed  in  such 
quantities  that  cart-loads  of  them  were  sent  to  farmers  for 
compost.  Then  followed  a  great  scarcity  of  birds  in  all 
that  vicinity.  The  herbs  soon  showed  signs  of  injury. 
Tufts  of  withered  grass  appeared  and  spread  out  widely 
into  circles  of  a  seared  and  burnt  complexion.  Though 
the  cause  and  effect  were  so  near  each  other,  they  were 
not  logically  put  together  by  the  inhabitants  at  that  time. 
Modern  entomology  would  have  explained  to  them  the 
cause  of  the  phenomena,  by  the  increase  of  the  larva  of 
insects  which  were  previously  kept  in  check  by  the  birds 
destroyed  at  the  shooting-match. 

After  the  abolition  of  the  game-laws  in  France,  at  the 
close  of  the  last  century,  the  people,  having  been  accus- 
tomed to  regard  birds  as  the  property  of  great  land-owners, 
destroyed  them  without  limit.  Every  species  of  game, 
including  even  the  small  singing-birds,  was  in  danger  of 
extermination.  It  was  found  necessary  to  protect  them 
by  laws  that  forbade  hunting  at  certain  seasons.  The 
most  serious  evils  were  the  consequence.  The  farmers' 
crops  were  destroyed  by  insects,  and  the  orchards  pro- 


FACTS  THAT  PROVE  THE  UTILITY  OF  BIRDS.    257 

duced  no  fruit.  It  is  only  by  such  unfortunate  experi- 
ence that  men  can  learn  that  the  principal  value  of  birds 
does  not  consist  alone  in  their  flesh  or  in  their  power  of 
conferring  pleasure  by  their  songs. 

Some  years  ago,  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  several 
tracts  of  forest  were  attacked  by  a  malady  that  caused 
the  trees  to  perish  over  hundreds  of  acres.  A  traveller 
passing  through  that  region  inquired  of  a  countryman  if 
he  knew  the  cause  of  the  devastation.  He  replied  that  the 
mischief  was  all  done  by  the  woodpeckers,  and  though 
the  inhabitants  had  killed  great  numbers  of  them,  there 
still  remained  enough  to  bore  into  the  trees  and  destroy 
them.  The  traveller,  not  satisfied  with  this  account, 
made  some  investigations,  and  soon  convinced  them  that 
the  cause  of  the  mischief  was  the  larva  of  a  species  of 
Buprestis,  which  had  multiplied  without  limits.  This 
larva  was  the  favorite  food  of  the  woodpeckers,  which  had 
congregated  in  that  region  lately  on  account  of  its  abun- 
dance. He  showed  them  that  they  were  protecting  the 
real  destroyers  of  the  forest  by  warring  against  the 
woodpeckers,  which,  if  left  unmolested,  would  soon  eradi- 
cate the  pest  sufficiently  to  save  the  remaining  timber. 
Birds  become  accustomed  to  certain  localities,  and  if  by 
any  accident  they  should  be  exterminated  in  any  one 
region  insects  of  all  kinds  will  increase,  until  the  birds 
that  consume  them  are  slowly  attracted  to  them  from 
other  parts. 

In  the  year  1798,  in  the  forests  of  Saxony  and  Bran- 
denburg, the  greater  part  of  the  trees,  especially  the  coni- 
fers, died,  as  if  struck  at  the  roots  by  some  secret  malady. 
The  foliage  had  not  been  attacked,  and  the  trees  perished 
without  any  manifest  external  cause.  The  Regency  of 
Saxony  sent  naturalists  and  foresters  to  investigate  the 
conditions.  They  proved  the  malady  to  be  caused  by  the 
multiplication  of  a  species  of  lepidopterous  insects,  which 


258    FACTS  THAT  PROVE  THE  UTILITY  OF  BIRDS. 

had  in  its  larva  state  penetrated  into  the  wood.  Wher- 
ever a  bough  of  fir  or  pine  was  broken,  the  larva  was 
found,  and  had  often  hollowed  it  out  even  to  the  bark. 
The  report  of  the  naturalists  declared  that  the  extraordi- 
nary increase  of  this  insect  was  owing  to  the  entire  dis- 
appearance of  several  species  of  titmouse,  which  for  some 
years  past  had  not  been  seen  in  that  region. 

According  to  an  account  given  by  Buffon,  the  Isle  of 
Bourbon,  where  there  were  no  grackles,  was  overrun  with 
locusts  imported  in  the  eggs  contained  in  the  soil  which 
with  some  plants  had  been  brought  from  Madagascar. 
The  Governor-General,  as  a  means  of  extirpating  these 
insects,  caused  several  pairs  of  Indian  gracMes  to  be 
brought  into  the  island.  When  the  birds  had  considera- 
bly increased,  some  of  the  colonists,  seeing  them  very  dili- 
gent in  the  newly  sown  fields,  imagined  them  in  quest  of 
the  grain,  and  reported  that  they  did  more  mischief  than 
good.  Accordingly  they  were  proscribed  by  the  Council, 
and  in  two  hours  after  their  sentence  was  pronounced, 
not  a  grackle  was  to  be  seen  on  the  island.  The  people 
soon  had  cause  for  repentance.  The  locusts  multiplied 
without  check  and  became  a  pest.  After  a  few  years  of 
experience,  the  grackles  were  again  introduced,  and  their 
breeding  and  preservation  were  made  a  state  affair.  The 
birds  multiplied  and  the  locusts  disappeared. 

Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus,  remarks  in  his  "  Travels  in 
America,"  that  after  a  great  destruction  of  purple  grackles 
for  the  legal  reward  of  threepence  per  dozen,  the  Northern 
States  in  1749  experienced  a  total  loss  of  the  grain  and 
grass  crops  from  the  devastation  of  insects  and  their  larva. 
The  crows  of  North  America  were  some  years  since  so 
nearly  exterminated,  to  obtain  the  premiums  offered  for 
their  heads,  that  the  increase  of  insects  was  alarming,  and 
the  States  were  obliged  to  offer  bounties  for  the  protec- 
tion of  crows.  The  same  incidents  have  repeatedly  hap- 


FACTS   THAT   PROVE  THE   UTILITY   OF   BIRDS. 

pened  in  other  countries,  and  ought  to  convince  any 
reasoning  mind  that  all  the  native  species  of  insectivo- 
rous birds  are  needful,  and  that  one  or  any  number  of 
species  cannot  perform  the  work  which  would  have  been 
done  by  the  species  that  is  extirpated. 

"  An  aged  man  "  of  Virginia  remarks,  in  "  The  Southern 
Planter"  of  1860,  that  since  his  boyhood  there  has  been  a 
rapid  decrease  in  the  numbers  of  birds  and  a  proportional 
increase  of  insects.  Since  their  diminution  great  ravages 
have  been  committed  on  the  farmers'  crops  by  clover 
worms,  wire-worms,  cut-worms,  and  on  the  wheat  crops 
particularly  by  chinch-bugs,  Hessian  flies,  joint-worms, 
and  other  pests.  All  this  is  owing,  he  thinks,  to  the 
destruction  and  the  scarcity  of  birds.  He  alludes  par- 
ticularly to  the  diminution  of  woodpeckers  as  a  public 
calamity.  He  has  known  a  community  of  red-headed 
woodpeckers  to  arrest  the  destructive  progress  of  borers 
in  a  pine  forest.  He  mentions  the  flicker  or  widgeon 
woodpecker  —  a  common  bird  in  New  England — as  the 
only  bird  lie  ever  saw  pulling  out  grubs  from  the  roots  of 
peach-trees.  May  not  this  habit  of  the  flicker,  which  is 
a  very  shy  bird  because  he  is  hunted  for  his  flesh,  be 
the  cause  why  apple-trees  that  grow  near  a  wood  are  not 
affected  by  borers  ? 

The  alarming  increase  of  grasshoppers  in  some  parts  of 
the  Western  States,  is  undoubtedly  the  consequence  of 
the  wholesale  destruction  of  quails,  grouse,  and  other 
birds  in  that  region. 


SOUNDS  FEOM  ANIMATE  NATURE. 

A  mEATiSE  on  the  beauties  of  nature  would  be  very 
imperfectly  accomplished  if  nothing  were  written  of 
sounds.  The  hearing  is  indeed  the  most  intellectual  of 
our  senses,  though  from  the  sight  we  undoubtedly  de- 
rive the  most  pleasure.  Hearing  is  also  more  intimately 
connected  with  the  imagination  than  any  other  sense; 
and  a  few  words  of  speech  or  a  few  notes  of  music  may 
produce  the  most  vivid  emotion  or  awaken  the  most 
ardent  passion.  At  all  seasons  and  in  all  places  the 
sounds  no  less  than  the  visible  things  of  nature  affect  us 
with  pleasure  or  with  pain.  Everywhere  does  the  song 
of  a  bird  or  the  note  of  an  insect,  the  cry  of  an  animal 
or  other  sound  from  the  animate  world,  come  to  the  ear 
with  messages  of  the  past,  conveying  to  the  mind  some 
joyful  or  plaintive  remembrance. 

Sounds  are  the  medium  through  which  many  ideas  as 
well  as  sensations  are  communicated  to  us  by  nature  ; 
and  we  cannot  say  how  large  a  proportion  of  those  which 
seem  to  rise  spontaneously  in  the  mind  are  suggested  by 
some  animal,  through  its  cries  of  joy  or  complaint.  There 
is  hardly  a  rational  being  who  is  not  alive  to  these  sugges- 
tions, varying  with  his  habits  of  life,  especially  those  of 
his  early  years.  Some  persons  do  "not  purposely  listen  to 
the  voices  of  insects,  and  seem  almost  unaware  of  the 
existence  of  these  sounds.  Yet  even  these  apathetic  per- 
sons are  unconsciously  affected  by  them.  We  attend  so 
little  to  the  subjects  of  our  consciousness  that  we  can 
seldom  trace  to  their  source  any  of  our  most  ordinary 


SOUNDS   FROM   ANIMATE   NATURE.  261 

emotions.  We  see  without  conscious  observation  and 
hear  without  conscious  attention,  so  that  when  we  are 
suddenly  deprived  of  these  sights  and  sounds  we  feel  that 
there  is  a  blank  in  our  enjoyments,  which  can  be  filled 
only  by  those  charming  objects  that  never  before  received 
our  thought  or  attention.  How  many  bright  things  have 
faded  on  our  mind,  and  how  many  sweet  sounds  have 
died  on  the  ear  before  we  were  hardly  aware  of  their 
existence ! 

If  we  hearken  attentively  to  the  miscellaneous  sounds 
that  come  to  our  ears  from  the  outer  world,  we  shall 
perceive  that  some  of  them  are  cheerful  and  exhilarat- 
ing, others  are  melancholy  and  depressing.  Of  the  first 
are  chiefly  the  songs  of  birds,  the  noise  of  poultry,  the 
chirping  of  insects  ;  indeed,  the  greater  part  of  the  sounds 
of  animate  nature.  The  second  class  comes  chiefly  from 
inanimate  things,  as  the  whistling  of  winds,  the  murmur 
of  gentle  gales,  the  roar  of  storms,  the  rush  of  falling 
water,  and  the  ebbing  and  flowing  of  tides.  All  these 
are  of  a  plaintive  character,  sometimes  gloomy  and  sad, 
at  other  times  merely  soothing  and  tranquillizing.  They 
all  produce  more  or  less  of  what  physicians  call  a  seda- 
tive effect.  These  two  classes  of  sounds  are  often  insep- 
arably blended,  inasmuch  as  some  of  the  voices  of  birds, 
insects,  and  other  creatures  are  melancholy,  and  some  of 
the  sounds  of  winds  and  waters  are  cheerful. 

I  shall  treat  of  these  different  sounds  chiefly  as  they 
affect  the  mind  and  sensibility  ;  of  the  poetry  rather  than 
the  science  of  these  phenomena.  My  object  is  to  point  out 
one  remarkable  source  of  our  agreeable  sensations  as  de- 
rived from  nature,  and  to  show  in  what  manner  we  may 
cause  them  to  contribute  to  our  pleasure.  I  am  persuaded 
that  one  important  means  of  deriving  pleasure  from  any 
object  is  to  direct  our  attention  to  it ;  and  if  this  be  not 
an  indulgence  that  is  liable  to  increase  to  a  vicious  extent, 


262  SOUNDS   FROM   ANIMATE   NATURE. 

our  happiness  will  be  improved  by  our  devotion  to  it.  By 
studying  the  various  sounds  of  nature  and  by  habitually 
giving  our  attention  to  them,  we  become  more  and  more 
sensitive  to  their  influence  and  capable  of  hearing  music 
to  which  others  are  deaf. 

Cheerful  sounds  come  chiefly  from  animated  things ; 
and  from  this  we  may  infer  that  the  mass  of  living  crea- 
tures, in  spite  of  the  evils  to  which  they  are  exposed  and 
the  pains  they  suffer,  are  happy.  The  chirping  of  insects 
denotes  their  happiness.  No  man  goes  out  in  the  autumn 
and  listens  to  the  din  of  crickets  and  grasshoppers  among 
the  green  herbs,  and  regards  it  as  a  melancholy  sound.  To 
all  ears  these  notes  express  the  joy  of  the  creatures  that 
utter  them.  Those  doleful  moralists  who  look  upon  every- 
thing as  born  to  woe  are  greatly  deluded ;  else  why  do  not 
the  voices  of  the  sufferers  give  utterance  to  their  pangs  ? 
Why,  instead  of  uttering  what  seern  like  songs  of  praise, 
do  they  not  cry  out  in  doleful  strains  that  would  excite 
our  pity  ?  The  greater  part  of  the  life  of  every  creature 
is  filled  with  agreeable  sensations. 

The  fly,  the  gnat,  the  beetle,  and  the  moth,  though  each 
makes  a  hum  that  awakens  many  pleasing  thoughts  and 
images,  are  not  to  be  ranked  among  singing  insects. 
Among  the  latter  are  crickets  and  locusts  and  grasshop- 
pers, which  are  appointed  by  nature  to  take  up  their  little 
lyre  and  drum  after  the  birds  have  laid  aside  their  more  me- 
lodious pipe  and  flute.  Their  musical  apparatus  is  placed 
outside  of  their  bodies,  and  as  they  have  no  lungs,  the  air 
is  obtained  by  a  peculiar  inflation  of  their  chests.  Hence 
the  musical  appendages  of  insects  are  constructed  like 
reed  instruments  or  jews'-harps.  The  grasshoppers  in  all 
ages  have  been  noted  as  musical  performers,  and  in  certain 
ancient  vignettes  are  frequently  represented  as  playing  on 
the  harp. 

Each  species  of  insect  has  a  peculiar  modulation  of  his 


SOUNDS   FROM   ANIMATE   NATURE.  263 

notes.  The  common  green  grasshopper,  that  during  the 
months  of  August  and  September  fills  the  whole  atmos- 
phere with  its  din,  abides  chiefly  in  the  lowland  meadows 
which  are  covered  with  the  native  grasses.  This  grass- 
hopper modulates  its  notes  like  the  cackling  of  a  hen, 
uttering  several  chirps  in  rapid  succession  and  following 
them  with  a  loud  spinning  sound  that  seems  to  be  the 
conclusion  of  the  strain.  These  notes  are  continued  in- 
cessantly, from  the  time  when  the  sun  is  high  enough  to 
have  dried  the  dews  until  dewfall  in  the  evening.  The 
performers  are  delighted  with  the  sunshine,  and  sing  but 
little  on  cloudy  days,  even  when  the  air  is  dry  and  warm. 

SONG   OF   THE   DIURNAL   GREEN   GRASSHOPPER. 


There  is  another  grasshopper  with  short  wings  that 
makes  a  kind  of  grating  sound  difficult  to  be  heard,  by 
scraping  its  legs,  that  serve  for  bows,  upon  its  sides,  that 
represent  as  it  were  the  strings  of  a  viol.  If  we  go  into 
the  whortleberry  pastures  we  hear  still  another  species, 
that  makes  a  continued  trilling  like  the  note  of  a  hair- 
bird.  In  some  places  this  species  sings  very  loudly,  and 
continues  half  a  minute  or  more  without  rest.  Its  notes 
are  not  so  agreeable  as  those  which  are  more  rapidly 
intermittent. 

There  is  a  species  of  locust,  seldom  heard  until  mid- 
summer, and  then  only  in  very  warm  weather.  His  note 
is  a  pleasant  reminder  of  sultry  summer  noondays,  of 
languishing  heat  and  refreshing  shade.  The  insect  begins 
low,  usually  high  up  in  the  trees,  and  increases  in  loud- 
ness  until  it  is  almost  deafening,  and  then  gradually  dies 
away  into  silence.  The  most  skilful  musician  could  not 
surpass  his  crescendo  and  diminuendo.  It  has  a  peculiar 
vibrating  sound  that  seems  to  me  highly  musical  and  ex- 


264  SOUNDS   FROM   ANIMATE   NATURE. 

pressive.  The  insect  that  produces  this  note  is  a  gro- 
tesque-looking creature,  resembling  about  equally  a  grass- 
hopper and  a  bumblebee. 

The  black  crickets  and  their  familiar  chirping  are  well 
known  to  everybody.  An  insect  of  this  family  is  cele- 
brated in  English  poetry  as  the  "  cricket  on  the  hearth." 
Those  of  the  American  species  are  seldom  found  in  our 
dwelling-houses ;  but  they  are  all  around  our  door-steps 
and  by  the  wayside,  under  every  dry  fence  and  in  every 
sandy  hill.  They  chirp  all  day  and  some  part  of  the 
night,  and  more  or  less  in  all  kinds  of  weather.  They 
begin  their  songs  before  the  grasshoppers  are  heard,  and 
continue  them  to  a  later  period  in  the  autumn,  not  ceasing 
until  the  hard  frosts  have  driven  them  into  their  retreats 
and  lulled  them  into  a  torpid  sleep. 

The  note  of  the  katydid,  which  is  a  mere  drumming 
sound,  is  not  musical.  In  American  literature  no  insect 
has  become  so  widely  celebrated,  on  account  of  a  fancied 
resemblance  to  the  word  "  katydid."  To  my  ear  a  chorus 
of  these  minute  drummers,  all  uttering  in  concert  their 
peculiar  notes,  seems  more  like  the  hammering  of  a 
thousand  little  smiths  in  some  busy  hamlet  of  insects. 
There  is  no  melody  in  these  sounds,  and  they  are  accord- 
ingly less  suggestive  than  those  of  the  green  nocturnal 
grasshopper,  that  is  heard  at  the  same  hour  in  similar 
situations. 

The  nocturnal  grasshoppers,  called  August  pipers,  or 
Cicadas,  begin  their  chirping  about  the  middle  of  July, 
but  are  not  in  full  song  until  August.  These  are  the 
true  nightingales  of  insects,  and  the  species  that  seerns 
to  me  the  most  worthy  of  being  consecrated  to  poetry. 
There  is  a  singular  plaintiveness  in  their  low  monotonous 
notes,  which  are  the  charm  of  our  late  summer  evenings. 
There  are  but  few  persons  who  are  not  affected  by  these 
sounds  with  a  sensation  of  subdued  but  cheerful  melan- 


SOUNDS   FROM   ANIMATE   NATURE.  265 

choly.     This  effect  does  not  seem  to  be  caused  by  asso- 
ciation so  much  as  by  their  peculiar  cadence. 

The  notes  of  these  nocturnal  pipers  on  very  warm 
evenings  are  in  unison  and  accurately  timed,  as  if  they 
were  singing  in  concert.  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  they 
always  vary  their  keynote  according  to  the  temperature 
of  the  atmosphere.  They  are  evidently  dependent  on  a 
summer  heat  for  their  vivacity,  and  become  sluggish  and 
torpid  as  the  thermometer  sinks  below  a  certain  point. 
When  the  temperature  is  high  they  keep  good  time,  sing- 
ing shrilly  and  rapidly.  As  it  sinks  they  take  a  lower 
key  and  do  not  keep  time  together.  When  the  thermom- 
eter is  not  above  sixty,  their  notes  are  very  low,  arid 
there  are  but  few  performers. 

Height  of  Thermometer.  Keynote  of  the  Insects. 

80°  F  natural,  perfect  time  and  tune. 

75°  Eflat, 

70°  D, 

65°  C,  imperfect  time  and  tune. 

GO0  Bflat,    " 

55°  A,  keynote  hardly  to  be  detected,  many 

out  of  time  and  tune. 
50°  G,  a  few  individuals  only,  singing  slowly 

and  feebly. 


JANUAKY. 

POETS  in  all  ages  have  sung  of  the  delights  of  seed- 
time and  harvest,  and  of  the  voluptuous  pleasures  of 
summer ;  but  when  treating  of  winter,  they  have  con- 
fined their  descriptions  to  the  sports  of  the  season  rather 
than  to  the  beauties  of  Nature.  Winter  is  supposed  to 
furnish  but  few  enjoyments  to  be  compared  with  those  of 
summer;  because  the  majority  of  men,  being  oppressed 
by  too  many  burdens,  naturally  yearn  for  a  life  of  indo- 
lence. I  will  not  deny  that  the  pleasures  derived  from 
the  direct  influence  of  Nature  are  greatly  diminished  in 
cold  weather;  there  are  not  so  many  interesting  objects 
to  amuse  the  mind,  as  in  the  season  when  all  animated 
things  are  awake,  and  the  earth  is  covered  with  vegeta- 
tion ;  but  there  are  many  pleasant  rural  excursions  and 
invigorating  exercises  which  can  be  enjoyed  only  in  the 
winter  season,  and  for  which  thousands  of  our  undegen- 
erate  yeomanry  would  welcome  its  annual  visit. 

The  pleasures  of  a  winter's  walk  are  chiefly  such  as 
are  derived  from  prospect.  A  landscape-painter  could  be 
but  partially  acquainted  with  the  sublimity  of  terrestrial 
scenery,  if  he  had  never  looked  upon  the  earth  when  it 
was  covered  with  snow.  In  summer  the  prospect  unfolds 
such  an  infinite  array  of  beautiful  things  to  our  sight, 
that  the  sublimity  of  the  scene  is  hidden  beneath  a  spec- 
tacle of  dazzling  and  flowery  splendor.  We  are  then 
more  powerfully  attracted  by  objects  of  beauty  that  charm 
the  senses  than  by  those  grander  aspects  of  Nature  that 
awaken  the  emotion  of  sublimity.  In  winter,  the  earth 


JANUARY.  267 

is  divested  of  all  those  accompaniments  of  scenery 
which  are  not  in  unison  with  grandeur.  At  this  period, 
therefore,  the  mind  is  affected  with  nobler  thoughts ;  it 
is  less  bewildered  by  a  multitude  of  fascinating  objects, 
and  is  more  free  to  indulge  itself  in  a  serious  train  of 
meditations. 

The  exhilaration  of  mind  attending  a  winter  walk  in 
the  fields  and  woods,  when  the  earth  is  covered  with 
snow,  surpasses  any  emotion  of  the  kind  which  is  pro- 
duced by  the  appearance  of  Nature  at  other  seasons.  We 
often  hear  in  conversation  of  the  invigorating  effects  of 
cold  weather;  yet  those  few  only  who  are  engaged  in 
rural  occupations,  and  who  spend  the  greater  part  of  the 
day  in  the  open  air,  can  fully  realize  the  amount  of  phys- 
ical enjoyment  that  springs  from  it.  I  can  appreciate  the 
languid  recreations  of  a  warm  summer's  day.  When  one 
is  at  leisure  in  the  country  he  cannot  fail  to  enjoy  it,  if 
he  can  take  shelter  under  the  canopy  of  trees  or  in  the 
deeper  shade  of  the  forest.  But  these  languid  enjoyments 
would  soon  become  oppressive  and  monotonous ;  and  the 
constant  participation  of  them  must  cause  one  gradually 
to  degenerate  into  a  mere  animal.  The  human  mind  is 
constituted  to  feel  positive  pleasure  only  in  action. 
Sleep  and  rest  are  mere  negative  conditions,  to  which 
we  submit  with  a  grateful  sense  of  their  power  to  fit  us 
for  the  renewed  exercise  of  the  mind  and  the  body. 

In  our  latitude,  at  the  present  era  January  is  usually 
the  month  of  the  greatest  cold ;  and  in  severe  weather 
there  is  a  general  stillness  that  is  favorable  to  musing. 
The  little  streamlets  are  frozen  and  silent,  and  there  is 
hardly  any  motion  except  of  the  winds,  and  of  the  trees 
that  bend  to  their  force.  But  the  works  of  Nature  are 
still  carried  on  beneath  the  frost  and  snow.  Though  the 
flowers  are  buried  in  their  hyemal  sleep,  thousands  of 
unseen  elements  are  present,  all  waiting  to  prepare  their 


268  JANUARY. 

hues  and  fragrance,  when  the  spring  returns  and  wakes 
the  flowers  and  calls  the  bees  out  from  their  hives. 
Nature  is  always  active  in  her  operations ;  and  during 
winter  are  the  embryos  nursed  of  myriad  hosts,  that  will 
soon  spread  beauty  over  the  plains  and  give  animation  to 
the  field  and  forest. 

Since  the  beauties  of  summer  and  autumn  have  faded, 
Nature  has  bestowed  on  earth  and  man  a  brilliant  recom- 
pense, and  spread  the  prospect  with  new  scenes  of  beauty 
and  sublimity.  The  frozen  branches  of  the  trees  are 
clattering  in  the  wind,  and  the  reed  stands  nodding  above 
the  ice  and  shivers  in  the  rustling  breeze.  But  while 
these  things  remind  us  of  the  chills  of  winter,  the  univer- 
sal prospect  of  snow  sends  into  the  soul  the  light  of  its 
own  perfect  purity  and  splendor,  and  makes  the  landscape 
still  beautiful  in  its  desolation.  Though  we  look  in  vain 
for  a  green  herb,  save  where  the  ferns  and  mosses  conceal 
themselves  in  little  dingles  among  the  rocks,  yet  the 
general  face  of  the  earth  is  unsurpassed  in  brilliancy. 
Morning,  noon,  and  night  exhibit  glories  unknown  to 
any  other  season ;  and  the  moon  is  more  lovely  when 
she  looks  down  from  her  starry  throne  and  over  field, 
lake,  mountain,  and  valley,  emblems  the .  tranquillity  of 
heaven. 

It  is  pleasant  to  watch  the  progress  and  movements  of 
a  snow-storm  while  the  flakes  are  thickly  falling  from  the 
skies,  and  the  drifts  are  rapidly  accumulating  along 
the  sides  of  the  fences  and  in  the  lanes  and  hollows. 
The  peculiar  motion  of  the  winds,  while  eddying  and 
whirling  over  the  varied  surface  of  the  ground,  is  ren- 
dered more  apparent  than  by  &ny  other  phenomenon. 
Every  curve  and  every  irregular  twisting  of  the  w^ind  is 
made  palpable,  to  a  degree  that  is  never  witnessed  in  the 
whirling  leaves  of  autumn,  in  the  sand  of  the  desert,  or 
in  the  dashing  spray  of  the  ocean.  The  appearance  is 


JANUARY.  269 

less  exciting  when  the  snow  descends  through  a  perfectly 
still  atmosphere,  but  after  its  cessation  we  may  witness 
a  spectacle  of  singular  beauty.  If  there  has  been  no  wind 
to  disturb  the  snow-flakes  as  they  were  deposited  on  the 
branches  of  the  trees,  to  which  they  adhere,  they  hang 
from  them  like  a  drapery  of  muslin ;  then  do  we  see 
throughout  the  woods  the  mimic  splendor  of  June ;  and 
the  plumage  of  snow  suspended  from  the  branches  re- 
vives in  fancy's  eye  the  white  clustering  blossoms  of  the 
orchards  in  early  summer. 

Sometimes  when  the  woods  are  fully  wreathed  in 
snow-flakes,  and  the  earth  is  clothed  in  an  interminable 
robe  of  ermine,  the  full  moon  rises  upon  the  landscape 
and  illumines  the  whole  scene  with  a  kind  of  unearthly 
splendor.  If  we  wake  out  of  sleep  into  a  sudden  view 
of  this  enchanted  scene,  though  the  mind  be  wearied  and 
depressed,  it  is  impossible,  without  rapture,  to  contem- 
late  the  etherial  prospect.  The  unblemished  purity  of 
the  snow-picture,  before  the  senses  are  awakened  to  a 
full  consciousness  of  our  situation,  glows  upon  the  vision 
like  a  scene  from  that  fairy  world  which  has  often 
gleamed  upon  the  soul  during  its  youthful  season  of 
romance  and  poetry.  And  when  the  early  rays  of 
morning  penetrate  these  feathery  branches  and  spread 
over  the  white  and  spotless  hills  of  snow  a  rosy  tinge, 
like  the  hues  that  burnish  the  clouds  at  sunset,  and  kin- 
dle amid  the  glittering  fleece  that  is  wreathed  around 
the  branches  all  the  changeable  colors  of  the  rainbow,  we 
are  tempted  to  exclaim  that  the  summer  landscape  with 
all  its  verdure  and  fruits  and  flowers  was  never  more 
lovely  than  this  transitory  scene  of  beauty.  Yet  the 
brilliancy  of  this  spectacle,  like  the  rainbow  in  heaven, 
passes  away  almost  while  we  are  gazing  on  its  fantastic 
splendor.  A  brisk  current  of  wind  scatters  from  the 
branches,  like  the  fading  leaves  of  autumn,  all  the  false 


270  JANUARY. 

honors  that  have  garlanded  the  forests,  and  in  an  hour 
they  have  disappeared  forever. 

Beside  the  pleasing  objects  already  described  as  pecul- 
iar to  the  season,  there  are  many  beautiful  appearances 
formed  by  the  freezing  of  waters  and  the  crystallization 
of  vapors  which  one  can  never  cease  to  examine  with 
delight.  One  of  the  most  brilliant  spectacles  of  this  kind 
is  displayed  on  a  frosty  morning,  after  the  prevalence  of 
a  damp  sea-breeze.  The  crystals,  almost  imperceptibly 
minute,  are  distributed,  like  the  delicate  filaments  of  the 
microscopic  mosses,  over  the  withered  herbs  and  leafless 
shrubbery,  creating  a  sort  of  mimic  vegetation  in  the  late 
abodes  of  the  flowers.  Vast  sheets  of  thin  ice  overspread 
the  plains,  beneath  which  the  water  has  sunk  into  the 
earth,  leaving  the  vacant  spots  of  a  pure  whiteness,  and 
forming  hundreds  of  little  fairy  circles  of  a  peculiarly 
fantastic  appearance.  The  ferns  and  sedges  that  lift  up 
their  bended  blades  and  feathers  through  the  plates  of 
ice,  coated  with  millions  of  crystals,  resemble,  while 
sparkling  in  the  rays  of  the  sun,  the  finest  jewelry. 
After  a  damp  and  frosty  night,  these  appearances  are 
singularly  beautiful,  and  all  the  branches  of  the  trees 
glitter  with  them  as  if  surrounded  with  a  network  of 
diamonds. 


THE   WINTER   BIEDS. 

WE  are  prone  to  set  an  extraordinary  value  upon  all 
those  pleasures  that  arrive  in  a  season  when  they  are  few 
and  unexpected.  Hence  the  peculiar  charms  of  the  early 
flowers  of  spring,  and  of  those,  equally  delightful,  that 
come  up  to  cheer  the  short  and  melancholy  days  of 
November.  The  winter  birds,  though  they  do  not  sing, 
are  interesting  on  account  of  the  season.  The  Chicka- 
dees and  Speckled  Woodpeckers,  that  tarry  with  us  in 
midwinter  and  make  the  still,  cold  days  lively  and  cheer- 
ful by  their  merry  voices,  are  in  animated  nature  what 
flowers  would  be  if  we  saw  them  wreathing  their  forms 
about  the  leafless  trees.  Nature  does  not  permit  at  any 
season  an  entire  dearth  of  those  sources  of  enjoyment 
that  spring  from  observation  of  the  external  world.  As 
there  are  evergreen  mosses  and  ferns  that  supply  in  win- 
ter the  places  of  the  absent  flowers,  so  there  are  chattering 
birds  that  linger  in  the  wintry  woods ;  and  Nature  has 
multiplied  the  echoes  at  this  time,  that  their  few  and 
feeble  voices  may  be  repeated  by  lively  reverberations 
among  the  hills. 

To  those  who  look  upon  the  earth  with  the  feelings  of 
a  poet  or  a  painter,  I  need  not  speak  of  the  value  of  the 
winter  birds  as  enliveners  of  the  landscape.  Any  cir- 
cumstance connected  with  natural  scenery  that  exercises 
our  feelings  of  benevolence  adds  to  the  picturesque 
charms  of  a  prospect.  No  man  can  see  a  little  bird  or 
quadruped  at  this  time  without  feeling  a  lively  interest 

in  its  welfare.     The  sight  of  a  flock  of  Snow-Buntings, 

18 


272  THE   WINTER   BIRDS. 

descending  like  a  shower  of  meteors  upon  a  field  of  grass 
and  eagerly  devouring  the  seeds  contained  in  the  droop- 
ing panicles  that  extend  above  the  snow-drifts ;  of  a 
company  of  Crows,  rejoicing  with  noisy  sociability  over 
some  newly  discovered  feast  in  the  pine-wood ;  of  the 
parti-colored  Woodpeckers  winding  round  the  trees  and 
hammering  upon  their  trunks, — all  these  and  many  other 
sights  and  sounds  are  associated  with  our  ideas  of  the 
happiness  of  these  creatures ;  and  while  our  benevolent 
feelings  are  thus  agreeably  exercised,  the  objects  that 
cause  our  emotions  add  a  positive  charm  to  the  dreary 
aspects  of  winter.  These  reflections  have  led  me  to  re- 
gard the  birds  and  other  interesting  animals  as  having 
a  value  to  mankind  not  to  be  estimated  in  dollars  and 
cents,  and  which  is  entirely  independent  of  any  services 
they  may  render  the  farmer  or  the  orchardist  by  pre- 
venting the  over-multiplication  of  noxious  insects. 

The  greater  number  of  small  birds  that  remain  in 
northern  latitudes  during  winter,  except  the  Woodpeck- 
ers, are  such  as  live  chiefly  upon  seeds.  Those  insectivo- 
rous species  that  gather  their  food  chiefly  from  the  ground, 
like  the  Thrushes  and  the  Blackbirds,  are  obliged  to  mi- 
grate or  starve.  Thus  the  common  Eobins  are  almost  ex- 
clusively insect-feeders,  using  fruit,  that  serves  them  rather 
as  dessert  than  substantial  fare.  A  bird  that  never  de- 
vours seeds  or  grain  or  any  farinaceous  food,  depending 
on  insects  and  grubs  that  may  be  gathered  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  cannot  subsist  in  our  latitude  save  in 
mild  and  open  winters.  During  such  favorable  seasons 
Eobins  in  small  parties  are  often  seen  collecting  their 
fare  of  dormant  insects  from  the  open  ground.  The 
Eobin,  a  bird  that  should  hardly  be  called  migratory, 
never  proceeds  any  farther  south  than  is  necessary  to 
keep  him  from  starvation.  Eobins  perform  their  migra- 
tions only  as  they  are  driven  by  the  snow.  If  on  any 


THE    WINTER   BIRDS.  273 

years,  as  sometimes  happens,  a  large  quantity  of  snow 
should  cover  the  territory  of  the  Middle  States  as  early 
as  the  first  of  November,  while  north  of  them  the  ground 
remained  uncovered,  the  Eobins  would  be  retarded  in  their 
journey,  which  is  not  a  continued  migration,  and  tarry 
with  us  in  unusual  numbers.  A  great  many  of  them 
would  perish  with  hunger  or  be  reduced  to  the  necessity 
of  feeding  on  the  berries  of  the  juniper  and  viburnum,  if 
they  should  be  overtaken  by  snow  covering  a  wide  sur- 
face that  cuts  off  their  supplies  of  dormant  insects. 

The  Quail  is  not  so  liable  to  be  starved,  because,  like 
the  common  domestic  hen,  it  is  omnivorous.  Quails  may 
be  kept  through  the  winter  if -fed  exclusively  on  grain. 
Hence,  if  it  were  not  for  the  persecution  they  suffer  from 
mankind,  they  would  be  common  residents  with  us  in 
winter,  keeping  themselves  under  the  protection  of  sheds 
and  border  shrubbery  and  gleaning  their  subsistence  from 
cornfields,  and  often  associating  with  the  poultry  in  the 
farm-yard.  If  they  had  been  encouraged  by  man  in  a 
state  of  half-domestication,  either  for  the  use  of  their  flesh 
or  as  consumers  of  grubs  and  insects,  they  might  still 
have  been  common.  Instead  of  being  buried  in  snow  in 
the  woods,  they  would  have  crept  into  our  barns  and 
found  safety  in  the  hospitality  of  man,  and  would  have 
rewarded  his  kindness  by  their  invaluable  services  upon 
the  farm.  But  man  is  only  a  half-reasoning  animal.  The 
blood  of  the  ape  still  courses  in  his  veins,  rendering  him 
incapable  of  understanding  the  value  of  thousands  of 
creatures  which  he  destroys. 

The  Woodpeckers  and  their  allied  families,  though  in- 
sectivorous, are  not  often  distressed  by  the  winter.  Gath- 
ering all  their  food,  consisting  of  larva  and  dormant  in- 
sects, from  the  bark  and  wood  of  trees,  the  snow  cannot 
conceal  it  for  any  perilous  length  of  time,  and  only  a 
coating  of  ice,  that  seldom  outlasts  more  than  a  day  or 


274  THE   WINTER   BIRDS. 

two,  and  covers  only  one  side  of  a  branch,  can  cause  them 
much  trouble.  The  quantity  of  their  insect  food  is  less 
than  in  summer,  but  the  birds  that  winter  here  have 
about  as  much  of  it,  because  other  species  are  diminished 
that  divide  with  them  this  spoil  in  summer.  Hence, 
Woodpeckers,  Tomtits,  and  Creepers  are  not  obliged  to 
migrate.  They  simply  scatter  more  widely  over  the  coun- 
try, instead  of  remaining  in  the  woods,  and  thus  accom- 
modate themselves  to  the  more  limited  supply  of  food  in 
any  given  space.  The  Swallows  and  Flycatchers,  that 
take  their  food  in  the  air,  are  the  first  to  migrate,  because 
the  aerial  insects  are  vastly  and  suddenly  diminished  by 
the  early  frosts  of  autumn. 

It  is  not  often  that  we  are  led  to  reflect  upon  the  ex- 
treme loneliness  that  would  prevail  in  solitary  places  in 
winter,  were  all  the  birds  to  migrate  at  this  season  to  a 
warmer  climate,  or  to  sink  into  a  torpid  state  like  frogs 
and  dormice  and  tardy  families  of  Swallows.  But  Nature, 
to  preserve  the  cheerfulness  of  this  season,  has  endowed 
certain  birds  with  power  to  endure  the  severest  cold  and 
with  the  faculty  of  providing  for  their  wants  at  a  time 
when  it  would  seem  that  there  was  not  food  enough  in 
the  hidden  stores  of  the  season  to  preserve  them  from 
starvation.  The  woodman,  however  insensible  he  may  be 
to  the  charms  of  all  such  objects,  is  gladdened  and  en- 
couraged in  his  toils  by  the  sight  of  these  lively  creatures, 
some  of  which,  like  the  Jay  and  the  Woodpecker,  are 
adorned  with  the  most  beautiful  plumage,  and  are  all 
pleasantly  garrulous,  filling  the  otherwise  silent  woods 
with  frequent  and  vociferous  merriment. 

In  my  early  days,  for  the  supposed  benefit  of  my  health, 
I  passed  a  winter  in  Tennessee,  and,  being  unoccupied, 
except  with  my  studies,  I  made  almost  daily  journeys 
into  the  woods  a  few  miles  from  the  city  of  Nashville. 
It  was  at  this  season  that  I  experienced  the  full  power 


THE   WINTER   BIRDS.  275 

of  the  winter  birds  to  give  life  and  beauty  to  the  faded 
scenes  of  nature.  Though  not  one  was  heard  to  sing, 
they  seemed  as  active  and  as  full  of  merriment  as  in  the 
early  summer.  The  most  attractive  birds  on  this  occa- 
sion were  the  Woodpeckers,  of  which  several  species  were 
very  numerous.  Conspicuous  among  them  was  the  Car- 
penter Bird,  or  Pileated  Woodpecker,  —  a  bird  with  rusty 
black  plumage,  a  red  crest  and  mustaches,  and  a  white 
stripe  on  each  side  of  the  neck ;  one  of  the  largest  of 
the  family.  His  loud  croaking  might  be  heard  at  any 
time  in  the  deep  woods,  and  his  great  size  and  his  fre- 
quent hammering  upon  the  resounding  boles  of  decayed 
trees  were  very  attractive. 

A  more  beautiful  but  smaller  species  was  the  Red- 
headed  Woodpecker,  with  head  and  neck  and  throat  of 
crimson,  and  other  parts  of  his  plumage  variously  marked 
with  white  and  changeable  blue.  This  species,  though 
seldom  seen  in  Eastern  Massachusetts,  is  a  common  resi- 
dent in  this  latitude  west  of  the  Green  Mountain  range. 
The  birds  of  this  species  were  very  numerous,  and  during 
my  rambles  the  woods  were  constantly  flashing  with  their 
bright  colors  as  they  flitted  among  the  trees.  They  were 
sometimes  joined  by  the  Redbreasted  Woodpecker,  hardly 
less  beautiful. 

It  is  impossible  to  describe  the  charm  which  these  birds 
gave  to  the  otherwise  solitary  woods.  I  would  sometimes 
remain  a  whole  day  there,  watching  the  manners  of  these 
and  hundreds  of  other  beautiful  birds,  that  were  strangers 
to  me,  taking  my  dinner  with  the  squirrels,  upon  the 
fruit  of  the  black  walnut-tree,  which  was  strewn  over 
all  the  ground.  The  loud  croaking  of  the  Log-cock,  the 
cackling  screams  of  the  Red-headed  Woodpecker,  and  the 
solemn  tolling  of  the  Redbreast,  blended  with  the  occa- 
sional cooing  of  Turtle-Doves,  made  a  sylvan  entertain- 
ment that  rendered  my  winter  rambles  at  this  period  and 


276  THE   WINTER   BIRDS, 

in  these  woods  as  interesting  as  any  I  ever  pursued  in 
summer  or  autumn. 

In  our  latitude,  after  the.  first  flight  of  snow  has  cov- 
ered the  ground,  many  winter  birds,  pressed  by  hunger, 
are  compelled  to  make  extensive  forages  in  quest  of  food. 
Our  attention  is  especially  drawn  toward  them  at  such 
times,  and  many  parties  of  them  will  visit  our  neighbor- 
hood in  the  course  of  the  day,  while,  if  no  snow  had 
fallen,  they  would  have  confined  themselves  to  a  more 
limited  range.  One  of  the  most  attractive  sights  on  such 
occasions  is  caused  by  flocks  of  Snow-Buntings  usually 
assembled  in  great  numbers.  They  are  chiefly  seen  when 
the  snow  compels  them  to  fly  from  place  to  place  in  quest 
of  food.  They  are  not  birds  of  ill-ornen,  as  might  be  in- 
ferred from  the  name  of  lad-weather  birds  given  them  in 
Sweden ;  for  they  do  not  appear  until  the  storm  is  over. 

Few  sights  are  more  picturesque  than  these  flocks  of 
Snow-Buntings,  whirling  with  the  subsiding  \vinds  and 
moving  as  if  they  were  guided  by  an  eddying  breeze,  now 
half  concealed  by  the  direction  in  which  they  meet  the 
rays  of  the  sun,  then  suddenly  flashing  as  with  a  simul- 
taneous turn  they  present  the  under  white  side  of  their 
wings  to  the  light  of  day.  The  power  of  these  diminutive 
creatures  to  endure  the  cold  of  winter  and  to  contend 
with  the  storm  attaches  to  their  appearance  a  char- 
acter allied  to  sublimity.  I  cannot  look  upon  them, 
therefore,  in  any  other  view  than  as  important  parts  in 
that  ever-changing  picture  of  light,  motion,  and  beauty 
with  which  Nature  benevolently  consoles  us  for  those 
evils  assigned  by  fate  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth. 

The  common  Snowbirds,  of  a  bluish-slate  color,  are 
not  so  often  seen  in  large  compact  flocks.  They  go  usu- 
ally in  scattered  parties,  and  are  seen  in  the  southern  parts 
of  New  England  only  in  winter  and  early  spring,  arriving 
from  the  northern  regions  late  in  the  autumn.  Wilson 


THE   WINTER   BIRDS.  277 

considers  them  more  numerous  than  any  other  species 
on  the  American  continent,  swarming  in  multitudes  over 
all  the  country  down  to  the  borders  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  is  a  marvel  to  him,  therefore,  that  no  part 
of  these  immense  hosts  should  remain  in  the  summer  to 
breeol  at  a  latitude  below  that  of  45°  or  50°,  except  in 
the  high  mountain-ranges.  They  have  many  of  the  habits 
of  the  common  Hairbird,  which  is  by  some  of  our  coun- 
trymen supposed  to  be  the  same  species,  changed  in  ap- 
pearance by  the  winter.  Like  the  Hairbird,  they  assemble 
round  our  houses  and  barns,  picking  up  seeds  or  crumbs 
of  bread  and  other  fragments  of  food. 

They  differ  entirely  from  the  Buntings,  which,  for  dis- 
tinction, are  called  White  Snowbirds.  They  are  quite 
equal  to  them  in  their  power  of  enduring  the  cold  and 
in  sustaining  the  force  of  a  tempest.  During  a  snowT- 
storm  they  may  often  be  seen  sporting  as  it  were  in  the 
very  whirlpool  of  driving  snows,  and  alighting  upon  the 
tall  weeds  and  sedges,  and  eagerly  gathering  their  pro- 
ducts. The  Hempbird  will  sometimes  join  their  parties, 
and  his  cheerful  and  well-known  twitter  may  be  heard, 
as  he  hurriedly  flits  from  one  bush  to  another,  hunting 
for  the  seeds  of  goldenrods  and  asters.  The  cause  of  the 
migration  of  these  birds  from  their  native  north  is  not 
probably  the  severe  cold  of  those  regions,  but  the  deep 
snows  that  bury  up  their  cereal  stores  at  an  early  season. 
They  live  upon  seeds ;  hence  their  forages  are  made  chiefly 
in  tilled  lands,  where  weeds  afford  them  an  abundant  har- 
vest. The  negligence  of  the  tiller  of  the  soil  is  therefore 
a  great  gain  to  the  small  birds,  by  leaving  a  supply  of 
seeds  in  the  annual  grasses  that  grow  thriftily  with  his 
crops. 

Early  in  the  spring  the  little  Blue  Snowbirds  again 
appear,  but  are  not  so  familiar  as  in  the  beginning  of 
winter.  They  are  often  seen  in  a  thicket  in  companies, 


278  THE   WINTER   BIRDS. 

warbling  softly  and  melodiously.  Nuttall  says  their  song 
resembles  that  of  the  European  Robin  Redbreast.  He 
also  remarks  that  the  males  have  severe  contests  when 
they  are  choosing  their  mates. 

THE   CHICKADEE. 

There  are  but  few  persons  who  have  spent  their  winters 
in  the  country,  who  would  not  agree  with  me  that  to  the 
lively  notes  of  the  Chickadee  we  are  indebted  for  a  great 
part  of  the  cheerfulness  that  attends  a  winter's  walk. 
His  notes  are  not  a  song ;  but  there  is  a  liveliness  in 
their  sound,  uttered  most  frequently  on  a  pleasant 
winter's  day,  causing  them  to  be  associated  with  all 
agreeable  changes  of  the  weather.  The  Chickadees  are 
not  seen,  like  Snowbirds,  most  numerously  after  a  fall  of 
snow.  Their  habits  are  nearly  the  same  in  all  weathers, 
except  that  they  are  more  prone  to  be  noisy  and  loqua- 
cious on  pleasant,  sunny  days. 

The  sounds  from  which  the  Chickadee  has  derived  its 
name  appear  to  be  its  call-notes,  like  the  gobbling  of  a 
turkey,  and  enable  the  birds  while  scattered  singly  over 
the  forest  to  signalize  their  presence  to  others  of  their 
own  species.  It  may  be  observed  that  when  the  call-note 
is  rapidly  repeated,  a  multitude  of  them  will  immediately 
assemble  near  the  place  where  the  alarm  was  given. 
When  no  alarm  is  intended  to  be  given,  the  bird  utters 
these  notes  but  seldom,  and  chiefly  as  it  passes  from  one 
tree  to  another.  It  is  probably  accustomed  to  hearing 
a  response,  and  if  one  is  not  soon  heard  it  will  repeat 
the  call  until  it  is  answered.  For  a,s  these  birds  do  not 
forage  the  woods  in  flocks,  this  continued  hailing  is  car- 
ried on  between  them,  to  satisfy  their  desire  not  to  remain 
entirely  alone.  A  similar  conversation  passes  between  a 
flock  of  chickens  when  scattered  over  a  field  and  out  of 


THE  WINTER  BIRDS.  279 

sight  of  one  another.  One,  on  finding  itself  alone,  will 
leave  its  quest  for  food  and  chirp  until  it  hears  a  re- 
sponse, when  it  resumes  its  feeding.  The  call-notes  of 
this  species  are  very  lively,  with  a  mixture  of  queru- 
lousness  in  their  tone  which  is.  not  unpleasant. 

The  Chickadee  is  the  smallest  of  our  winter  birds.  He 
is  a  permanent  resident,  and  everybody  knows  him.  He  is 
a  lively  chatterer  and  an  agreeable  companion ;  and  as  he 
never  tarries  long  in  one  place,  he  does  not  tire  us  with 
his  garrulity.  He  is  our  attendant  on  all  our  pleasant 
winter  walks,  in  the  orchard  and  the  wood,  in  the  garden 
and  by  the  roadside.  We  have  seen  him  on  still  winter 
days  flitting  from  tree  to  tree,  with  the  liveliest  motions 
and  the  most  engaging  attitudes,  examining  every  twig 
and  branch,  and  after  a  few  sprightly  notes  hopping  to 
another  tree,  to  pass  through  the  same  manoeuvres.  Even 
those  who  are  confined  to  the  house  are  not  excluded 
from  a  sight  of  these  birds.  We  cannot  open  a  window 
on  a  bright  winter's  morning  without  a  greeting  from  one 
of  them  on  the  nearest  tree. 

Beside  the  note  from  which  the  Chickadee  derives  his 
name,  he  utters  occasionally  two  very  plaintive  notes, 
which  are  separated  by  a  true  musical  interval,  making 
a  third  on  the  descending  scale. 


pe    pe. 


They  slightly  resemble  those  of  the  Pewee,  and  are  often 
mistaken  for  them;  but  they  are  not  drawling  or  mel- 
ancholy, and  do  not  slide,  from  one  note  to  another 
without  an  interval.  I  do  not  know  the  circumstances 
that  prompt  the  bird  to  repeat  this  plaintive  strain  ; 
but  it  is  uttered  both  in  summer  and  winter.  It  has, 
therefore,  no  connection  with  love  or  the  care'  of  the 


DOWNY   WOOm-KCKEK 


THE   WINTER   BIRDS.  281 

offspring.  Indeed,  there  is  such  a  variety  in  the  notes 
uttered  at  different  times  by  this  bird,  that  if  they  were 
repeated  in  uninterrupted  succession,  they  would  form 
one  of  the  most  agreeable  of  woodland  melodies. 

The  Chickadee  is  not  a  singing-bird.  He  utters  his 
usual  notes  at  all  times  of  the  year;  but  in  the  early 
part  of  summer  he  is  addicted  to  a  low  and  pleasant  kind 
of  warbling,  considerably  varied  and  wanting  only  more 
loudness  and  precision  to  entitle  him  to  rank  among  the 
singing-birds.  This  warbling  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  solilo- 
quizing for  his  own  amusement.  If  it  were  uttered  by 
the  young  birds  only,  we  miglxt  suppose  them  to  be  tak- 
ing lessons  in  music  and  that  this  was  one  of  their  first 
attempts.  I  have  heard  a  Golden  Eobin  occasionally 
warbling  in  a  similar  manner. 

THE   DOWNY   WOODPECKER. 

In  company  with  the  Chickadees,  we  often  see  two 
speckled  Woodpeckers,  differing  apparently  only  in  size, 
each  having  a  small  red  crest.  The  smaller  of  the  two  is 
the  Downy  Woodpecker.  The  birds  of  this  species  are 
called  Sap-suckers,  from  their  habit  of  making  perfora- 
tions in  the  sound  branches  of  trees,  through  the  bark, 
without  penetrating  the  wood,  as  if  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  the  sap.  These  perforations  are  often  in  two 
or  three  parallel  circles  around  the  branch,  very  close 
together,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  follow  the  path 
of  a  grub  that  is  concealed  under  the  bark:  Wilson 
examined  many  trees  that  were  perforated  in  this  man- 
ner, and  saw  evidence  that  they  suffered  no  harm  from  it. 
But  why  the  bird  should  be  so  precise  and  formal  in  his 
markings  of  the  tree  is  a  mystery  not  yet  satisfactorily 
explained. 

The  Woodpecker,  however,  takes  a  great  part  of  his 


282  THE   WINTER   BIRDS. 

food  from  the  inside  of  the  wood  or  bark  of  the  tree. 
Hence  he  is  not  so  diligent  in  his  examination  of  the 
outside  of  the  branch  as  the  Chickadee.  He  examines 
those  parts  only  where  he  hears  the  scratching  or  gnawing 
of  the  grub  that  is  concealed  beneath  the  surface,  bores 
the  wood  to  obtain  it,  and  then  flies  off'.  The  Chickadee 
looks  for  insects  on  or  near  the  surface,  and  does  not  con- 
fine his  search  to  trees.  He  examines  fences,  the  under 
parts  of  the  eaves  of  houses,  and  the  wood-pile,  and  de- 
stroys in  the  course  of  his  foraging  many  an  embryo 
moth  or  butterfly  which  would  become  the  parent  of 
noxious  larva.  The  Woodpecker  is  often  represented  as 
the  emblem  of  industry  ;  but  the  Chickadee  is  more 
truly  emblematical  of  this  virtue,  and  the  Woodpecker 
of  perseverance,  as  he  never  tires  when  drilling  into  the 
wood  of  a  tree  in  quest  of  his  prey. 

THE   HAIRY  WOODPECKER. 

The  Hairy  Woodpecker  is  larger  than  the  preceding 
species,  and  their  difference  in  size  is  almost  the  only 
notable  distinction.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  resem- 
blance of  some  of  the  feathers  on  its  back  to  hairs.  This 
Woodpecker  is  not  so  often  seen  in  summer  as  the  smaller 
species,  but  both  are  about  equally  noticeable  in  winter 
The  nest  is  made  in  holes  excavated  by  its  own  labor  for 
this  purpose  in  the  trunk  or  branches  of  old  trees.  Tho. 
bird  commonly  selects  a  dried  and  partially  decayed  limb, 
because  it  is  more  easily  excavated  after  the  hole  is 
drilled  through  the  outside. 

THE   RED-HEADED  WOODPECKER. 

This  is  the  most  beautiful  of  our  Woodpeckers  and 
nearly  as  large  as  a  Eobin.  It  is  not  often  seen  in  the 


THE    WINTER   BIRDS.  283 

New  England  States,  but  often  enough  to  be  an  acquaint- 
ance of  the  generality  of  observers.  This  bird,  like  the 
Robin,  has  gained  the  enmity  of  that  conscientious  class 
of  people  who  cut  down  their  fruit-trees  that  the  boys 
may  not  have  the  temptation  set  before  them  to  break 
the  Eighth  Commandment.  The  Red-headed  Wood- 
pecker seems  to  be  in  this  respect  more  mischievous 
even  than  the  Robin,  for  he  not  only  takes  cherries,  but 
carries  off  the  finest  apples  and  feeds  upon  the  Indian- 
corn  when  in  the  milk.  The  question  is  often  raised, 
therefore,  with  regard  to  the  usefulness  of  this  bird ;  and 
it  will  be  answered  according  as  the  person  interro- 
gated takes  a  view  of  its  general  utility  in  the  econ- 
omy of  nature,  or  of  its  rnischievousness  as  a  consumer 
of  fruit.  Mr.  George  W.  Rice,  of  West  Newton,  pre- 
serves his  cherry-trees  for  the  exclusive  benefit  of  the 
Robins.  If  they  do  not  take  all  the  cherries,  he  has 
what  they  leave ;  but  he  considers  the  fruit  more  val- 
uable for  the  benefit  of  the  Robins  than  for  any  other 
purpose.  Perhaps,  however,  since  all  men  are  not  so 
wise,  we  should  say,  "  Cut  down  all  your  fruit-trees  and 
imitate  the  generosity  of  those  men  whom  we  occasion- 
ally hear  of,  who  choose  to -perform  this  sacrifice  of  their 
own  property  rather  than  to  shoot  the  boys." 

THE   BROWN    CREEPER. 

Another  of  the  companions  of  the  Chickadee  is  the 
Brown  Creeper,  a  bird  of  similar  habits,  often  seen  mov- 
ing in  a  spiral  direction  around  the  trunks  and  branches 
of  trees,  and  when  conscious  of  being  observed,  keeping 
on  the  farther  side  of  a  branch,  He  is  more  frequently 
seen  in  winter  than  in  summer,  when  he  is  concealed  by 
the  foliage.  The  different  birds  I  have  named  as  com- 
panions of  the  Chickadee  often  assemble  by  seeming 


WHITE-BREAST  NUTHATCH 


THE   WINTER   BIRDS.  285 

accident  in  considerable  numbers  upon  one  tree,  and, 
meeting  perhaps  more  company  than  is  agreeable  to 
them,  they  make  the  wood  resound  with  their  noisy  dis- 
putes. They  may  have  been  assembled  by  some  note  of 
alarm,  and  on  finding  no  particular  cause  for  it,  they  raise 
a  shout  that  reminds  us  of  the  extraordinary  vocifera- 
tion with  which  young  men  and  boys  in  the  country  con- 
clude a  false  alarm  of  fire  in  the  early  part  of  the  night. 
These  birds  are  not  gregarious,  and,  though  fond  of  the 
presence  of  a  few  of  their  own  kind,  are  vexed  when 
they  find  themselves  in  a  crowd. 

THE   NUTHATCH. 

The  Nuthatch  is  often  found  in  these  assemblages,  and 
may  be  recognized  by  his  piercing,  trumpet-like  note. 
This  bird  resembles  the  Woodpecker  in  the  shape  of 
the  bill,  but  has  only  one  hinder  toe  instead  of  two.  He 
is  a  permanent  inhabitant  of  the  cold  parts  of  the  Amer- 
ican continent,  resembling  the  Titmouse  in  his  diligence 
and  activity,  and  in  his  manners  while  in  quest  of  his 
insect  food. 

There  are  times  when  even  the  birds  I  have  described 
in  this  essay,  that  collect  their  food  from  the  bark  and 
wood  of  trees,  are  driven  to  great  extremities.  When  the 
trees  are  incased  in  ice,  which,  though  not  impenetrable 
by  their  strong  bills,  prevents  their  discovery  of  their 
food,  they  are  in  danger  of  starving.  At  such  times  the 
gardens  and  barnyards  are  frequented  by  large  numbers 
of  Woodpeckers,  Creepers,  and  Nuthatches.  Driven  by 
this  necessity  from  their  usual  haunts,  a  piece  of  suet 
fastened  firmly  to  the  branch  of  a  tree,  at  any  time  of 
the  winter,  would  soon  be  discovered  by  them  and 
afford  them  a  grateful  repast.  I  have  frequently  assem- 
bled them  under  my  windows  by  this  allurement. 


286  THE    WINTER    BIRDS. 


THE   BLUE-JAY. 

If  we  visit  any  part  of  the  forest  or  live  near  it  in 
the  winter,  we  are  sure  to  be  greeted  by  the  voice  of  the 
lively  Blue  Jay,  another  of  our  well-known  winter  birds. 
He  has  a  beautiful  outward  appearance,  under  which  he 
conceals  an  unamiable  temper  and  a  propensity  to  mis- 
chief. There  is  no  bird  in  our  forest  that  is  arrayed  in 
equal  splendor.  His  neck  of  fine  purple,  his  pale,  azure 
crest  and  head  with  silky  plumes,  his  black  crescent- 
shaped  collar,  his  wings  and  tail-feathers  of  bright  blue 
with  stripes  of  white  and  black,  and  his  elegant  form 
and  vivacious  manners  render  him  attractive  to  every 
visitor  of  the  woods. 

But  witli  all  his  beauty,  he  has,  like  the  Peacock,  a 
harsh  voice.  He  is  a  thief  and  a  disturber  of  the  peace. 
He  is  a  sort  of  Ishmael  among  the  feathered  tribes,  who 
are  startled  at  the  sound  of  his  voice  and  fear  him  as  a 
bandit.  The  farmer,  who  is  well  acquainted  with  his 
habits,  is  no  friend  to  him ;  for  he  takes  not  only  what 
is  required  for  his  immediate  wants,  but  hoards  a  variety 
of  articles  in  large  quantities  for  future  use.  It  would 
seem  as  if  he  were  aware  when  engaged  in  an  honest  and 
when  in  a  dishonest  expedition.  While  searching  for 
food  in  the  field  T)r  the  open  plain,  he  is  extremely  noisy  ; 
but  when  he  ventures  into  a  barn  to  take  what  does  not 
belong  to  him,  he  is  silent  and  stealthy  and  exhibits  all 
the  peculiar  manners  of  a  thief. 

It  would  be  no  mean  task  to  enumerate  all  the  acts  of 
mischief  perpetrated  by  this  bird,  and  I  cannot  but  look 
upon  him  as  one  of  the  most  guilty  of  the  winged  inhab- 
itants of  the  wood.  He  plunders  the  cornfield  both  at 
seed-time  and  harvest ;  he  steals  every  edible  substance 
he  can  find  and  conceals  it  in  his  hiding-places ;  he  de- 
stroys the  eggs  of  smaller  birds  and  devours  their  young. 


X 


BLUB  JAY 


288  THE   WINTER   BIRDS. 

He  quarrels  with  all  other  species,  and  his  life  is  a  con- 
stant round  of  contentions.  He  is  restless,  irascible,  and 
pugnacious,  and  he  always  appears  like  one  who  is  out  on 
some  expedition.  Yet,  though  a  pest  to  other  birds,  he 
is  a  watchful  parent  and  a  faithful  guardian  of  his  off- 
spring. It  is  dangerous  to  venture  near  the  nest  of  a 
pair  of  Jays,  who  immediately  attack  the  adventurer, 
aiming  their  blows  at  his  face  and  eyes  with  savage 
determination. 

Like  the  Magpie,  the  Jay  has  considerable  talent  for 
mimicry,  and  when  tamed  has  been  taught  to  articulate 
words  like  a  parrot.  But  this  talent  he  never  exercises 
in  a  wild  state.  At  certain  times  I  have  heard  this  bird 
utter  a  few  notes,  like  the  tinkling  of  a  bell,  and  which, 
if  syllabled,  might  form  such  a  word  as  dilly-lily ;  but  it 
is  not  a  musical  strain.  Indeed,  there  is  no  music  in  his 
nature ;  he  is  fit  only  for  "  stratagems  and  spoils." 

The  Blue-Jay  is  a  true  American.  He  is  known 
throughout  the  continent,  and  never  visits  any  other 
country.  At  no  season  is  he  absent  from  our  woods, 
though  his  voice  always  reminds  me  of  winter.  He  is 
also  an  industrious  consumer  of  the  larger  insects  and 
grubs,  atoning  in  this  way  for  some  of  his  evil  deeds. 
I  cannot  say,  therefore,  that  I  would  consent  to  his  ban- 
ishment, for  he  is  one  of  the  most  cheering  tenants  of  the 
groves  at  a  season  when  they  have  but  few  inhabitants ; 
and  I  never  listen  to  his  voice  without  a  crowd  of  charm- 
ing reminiscences  of  pleasant  winter  excursions  and  ad- 
ventures at  an  early  period  of  life.  The  very  harshness 
of  his  voice  has  caused  it  to  be  impressed  more  forcibly 
upon  my  memory  in  connection  with  these  scenes. 


THE   WINTER    BIRDS.  289 

THE   CROW. 

The  common  Crow  is  the  representative  in  America  of 
the  European  Kook,  resembling  it  in  many  of  its  habits. 
In  Europe,  where  land  is  more  valuable  than  in  this 
country,  arid  where  agriculture  is  carried  on  with  an 
amount  of  skill  that  would  astonish  an  American,  the 
people  are  not  so  jealous  of  the  birds.  In  Great  Britain, 
rookeries  are  permanent  establishments ;  and  the  Books, 
notwithstanding  the  mischief  they  do,  are  protected  on 
account  of  their  services  to  agriculture.  The  farmers  of 
Europe,  having  learned  by  experience  that  without  the 
aid  of  mischievous  birds  their  crops  would  be  sacrificed 
to  the  more  destructive  insect  race,  forgive  them  their 
trespasses  as  we  forgive  the  trespasses  of  cats  and  dogs, 
who  in  the  aggregate  are  vastly  more  destructive  than 
birds.  The  respect  shown  to  birds  by  any  people  seems 
to  bear  a  certain  ratio  to  the  antiquity  of  the  nation. 
Hence  the  sacredness  with  which  they  are  regarded  in 
Japan,  where  the  population  is  so  dense  that  the  inhab- 
itants would  not  consent  to  divide  the  products  of  their 
fields  with  the  feathered  race  unless  their  usefulness 
had  been  demonstrated. 

The  Crow  is  one  of  the  most  unfortunate  of  birds  in 
all  his  relations  to  man ;  for  by  the  public  he  is  regarded 
with  hatred,  and  every  man's  hand  is  against  him.  He 
is  protected  neither  by  custom  nor  by  superstition ;  the 
sentimentalist  cares  nothing  for  him  as  a  subject  of  ro- 
mance, and  the  utilitarian  is  blind  to  his  services  as  a 
scavenger.  The  farmer  considers  him  as  the  very  ring- 
leader of  mischief,  and  uses  all  the  means  he  can  invent 
for  his  destruction ;  the  friend  of  the  singing-birds 
bears  him  a  grudge  as  the  destroyer  of  their  eggs  and 
their  young;  and  even  the  moralist  is  disposed  to  con- 
demn him  for  his  cunning  and  dissimulation. 


.':  K 


THE  WINTER   BIRDS.  291 

Hence  he  is  everywhere  hunted  and  persecuted,  and 
the  expedients  used  for  his  destruction  are  numerous 
and  revolting  to  the  sensibility.  He  is  outlawed  by 
legislative  bodies  ;  he  is  hunted  with  the  gun ;  he  is 
caught  in  crow-nets ;  he  is  hoodwinked  with  bits  of  paper 
smeared  with  birdlime,  to  which  he  is  attracted  by  means 
of  a  bait ;  he  is  poisoned  with  grain  steeped  in  hellebore 
and  strychnine ;  the  reeds  in  which  he  roosts  are  treach- 
erously set  on  fire  ;  he  is  pinioned  by  his  wings,  and  placed 
on  his  back,  and  made  to  grapple  his  companions  who 
come  to  his  rescue.  Like  an  infidel,  he  is  not  allowed 
the  benefit  of  truth  to  save  his  reputation ;  and  children, 
after  receiving  lessons  of  humanity,  are  taught  to  regard 
the  Crow  as  an  unworthy  subject,  if  they  were  to  carry 
the  precepts  taught  them  into  practice.  Every  govern- 
ment has  set  a  price  upon  his  head,  and  public  sentiment 
holds  him  up  to  execration. 

As  an  apology  for  these  atrocities  his  persecutors  enu- 
merate a  long  catalogue  of  misdemeanors  of  which  he  is 
guilty.  He  pillages  the  cornfields  and  pulls  up  the  young 
shoots  of  maize  to  obtain  the  kernels  attached  to  their 
roots.  He  destroys  the  eggs  and  young  of  harmless  birds 
which  are  our  favorites  ;  he  purloins  fruit  from  the  garden 
and  orchard,  and  carries  off  young  ducks  and  chickens  from 
the  farm-yard.  Beside  his  mischievous  propensities  and 
his  habits  of  thieving,  he  is  accused  of  deceit  and  of  a 
depraved  disposition.  He  who  would  plead  for  the  Crow 
will  not  deny  the  general  truth  of  these  accusations,  but, 
on  the  other  hand,  would  enumerate  certain  special  ben- 
efits which  he  confers  upon  man. 

In  the  list  of  services  performed  by  this  bird  we  find 
many  details  that  should  lead  us  to  pause  before  we  con- 
sent to  his  destruction.  He  consumes  vast  quantities  of 
grubs,  worms,  and  noxious  vermin ;  he  is  a  valuable  scav- 
enger, clearing  the  land  of  offensive  masses  of  decaying 

19 


292  THE  WINTER  BIRDS. 

animal  substances ;  he  hunts  the  grass-fields  and  pulls 
out  and  devours  various  cutworms  and  caterpillars,  wher- 
ever he  perceives  the  marks  of  their  presence  as  evinced 
by  the  wilted  stalks ;  he  destroys  mice,  young  rats,  and 
lizards  and  the  smaller  serpents  ;  and,  lastly,  he  is  a 
volunteer  sentinel  upon  the  farm  and  drives  the  Hawk 
from  its  enclosures.  It  is  chiefly  during  seed-time  and 
harvest  that  the  depredations  of  the  Crow  are  committed. 
During  the  remainder  of  the  year  his  acts  are  all  benefits, 
and  so  highly  are  his  services  appreciated  by  those  who 
have  written  on  birds  that  there  is  hardly  an  ornithologist 
that  does  not  plead  for  his  protection. 

Let  us  turn  our  attention  for  a  moment  to  his  moral 
qualities.  In  vain  is  he  condemned  for  cunning  when 
without  this  quality  he  could  not  live.  His  wariness  is 
a  virtue,  and,  surrounded  as  he  is  by  all  kinds  of  perils, 
it  is  his  principal  means  of  self-preservation.  He  has  no 
system  of  faith  and  no  creed  to  which  he  is  under  obli- 
gations to  offer  himself  as  a  martyr.  His  cunning  is  his 
armor ;  and  I  am  persuaded  that  the  persecutions  which 
he  has  always  suffered  have  caused  the  development  of 
an  amount  of  intelligence  that  elevates  him  many  degrees 
above  the  majority  of  the  feathered  race.  Hence  there 
are  few  birds  that  equal  the  Crow  in  sagacity.  He  ob- 
serves many  things  that  could  be  understood,  it  would 
seem,  only  by  human  intelligence.  He  judges  with  ac- 
curacy from  the  deportment  of  the  person  approaching 
him,  if  he  is  prepared  to  do  him  an  injury,  and  seems  to 
pay  no  regard  to  one  who  is  strolling  the  fields  in  search 
of  flowers  or  for  recreation.  On  such  occasions  you  may 
come  so  near  him  as  to  observe  his  manners  and  even  to 
note  the  varying  shades  of  his  plumage.  But  in  vain 
does  the  gunner  endeavor  to  approach  him.  So  sure  is 
he  to  fly  at  the  right  moment  for  his  safety  that  one  might 
suppose  he  could  measure  the  distance  of  gunshot. 


THE   WINTER   BIRDS.  293 

The  cawing  of  the  Crow  seems  to  me  unlike  any  other 
sound  in  nature.  It  is  not  melodious,  though  less 
harsh  than  that  of  the  Jay.  It  is  said  that  when  domes- 
ticated he  is  capable  of  imitating  human  speech,  though  he 
cannot  sing.  But  y£sop  mistook  the  character  of  this  bird 
when  he  represented  him  as  the  dupe  of  the  fox,  who 
gained  the  bit  of  cheese  he  carried  in  his  mouth  by  per- 
suading him  to  exhibit  his  musical  powers.  The  Crow 
could  not  be  fooled  by  any  such  appeals  to  his  vanity. 

The  Crow  is  justly  regarded  as  a  homely  bird  ;  yet  he 
is  not  without  beauty.  His  coat  of  glossy  black  with 
violet  reflections,  his  dark  eyes  and  sagacious  expression 
of  countenance,  his  stately  and  graceful  gait,  and  his 
steady  and  equable  flight,  all  give  him  a  proud  and  dig- 
nified appearance.  The  Crow  and  the  Kaven  have  always 
been  celebrated  for  their  gravity,  —  a  character  that  seems 
to  be  caused  by  their  black,  sacerdotal  vesture  and  by 
certain  peculiar  manifestations  of  intelligence  in  their 
ways  and  general  deportment.  Indeed,  any  one  who 
should  watch  the  motions  of  the  Crow  for  five  minutes, 
when  he  is  stalking  alone  in  the  field  or  when  he  is  ca- 
reering with  his  fellows  around  some  tall  tree  in  the  for- 
est, would  not  fail  to  see  that  he  deserves  to  be  called  a 
grave  bird. 

Setting  aside  all  considerations  of  the  services  rendered 
by  the  Crow  to  agriculture,  I  esteem  him  for  certain  qual- 
ities which  are  agreeably  associated  with  the  charms  of 
nature.  It  is  not  the  singing-birds  alone  that  contribute 
by  their  voices  to  gladden  the  husbandman  and  cheer  the 
solitary  traveller.  The  crowing  of  the  cock  at  the  break 
of  day  is  as  joyful  a  sound,  though  unmusical,  as  the  voice 
of  the  Robin,  who  chants  his  lay  at.  the  same  early  hour. 
To  me  the  cawing  of  the  Crow  is  cheering  and  delightful, 
and  it  is  heard  long  before  the  generality  of  birds  have 
left  their  perch. 


SOUNDS  FKOM  INANIMATE  NATUEE. 

NATURE  in  every  scene  and  situation  has  established 
sounds  which  are  indicative  of  their  character.  The 
sounds  we  hear  in  the  hollow  dells  among  the  mountains 
are  unlike  those  of  the  open  plains  ;  and  the  echoes  of 
the  sea-shore  repeat  sounds  never  reverberated  in  the 
inland  valleys.  The  murmuring  of  wind  and  the  rus- 
tling of  foliage,  the  gurgling  of  streams  and  the  bubbling 
of  fountains,  come  to  our  ears  like  the  music  of  our  early 
days,  accompanied  with  many  agreeable  fancies.  A 
stream  rolling  over  a  rough  declivity,  a  fountain  bubbling 
up  from  a  subterranean  hollow,  give  sounds  suggestive 
of  fragrant  summer  arbors,  of  cool  retreats  and  all  their 
delightful  accompaniments. 

The  most  agreeable  expression  from  the  noise  of  waters 
is  their  animation.  They  give  life  to  the  scenes  around 
us,  like  the  voices  of  birds  and  insects.  In  winter  espe- 
cially they  make  an  agreeable  interruption  of  the  gen- 
eral stillness,  and  remind  us  that  during  the  slumber  of 
all  visible  things  some  hidden  power  is  still  guiding  the 
operations  of  Nature.  The  rapids  produced  by  a  small 
stream  flowing  over  some  gentle  declivity  yield,  per- 
haps, the  most  expressive  sound  of  waters,  save  the  dis- 
tant roar  of  waves  as  they  are  dashed  upon  the  sea- 
shore. The  last,  being  intermittent,  is  preferable  to  the 
roar  of  a  waterfall,  which  is  tiresomely  incessant.  Nearly 
all  the  sounds  made  by  water  are  agreeable,  and  cannot 
be  multiplied  without  increasing  the  delightful  influences 
of  the  place  and  the  season. 


SOUNDS  FROM  INANIMATE  NATURE.  295 

Each  season  of  the  year  has  its  peculiar  melodies  beside 
those  proceeding  from  animated  objects.  In  the  opening 
of  the  year,  when  the  leaves  are  tender  and  pliable,  there 
is  a  mellowness  in  the  sound  of  the  breezes,  as  if  they 
felt  the  voluptuous  influence  of  spring.  Nature  then 
softens  all  the  sounds  from  inanimate  things,  as  if  to 
avoid  making  any  harsh  discords  with  the  anthem  that 
issues  from  the  woodlands,  vocal  with  the  songs  of  myr- 
iads of  happy  creatures.  The  echoes  repeat  less  distinctly 
the  multitudinous  notes  of  birds,  insects,  and  reptiles.  To 
the  echoes  spring  and  summer  are  seasons  of  compar- 
ative rest,  save  when  residing  among  the  rocks  of  the 
desert  or  among  the  crags  of  the  sea-shore.  Here  sitting 
invisibly  in  these  retreats,  they  are  ever  responding  to  the 
melancholy  sounds  that  are  borne  upon  the  waves  as  they 
sullenly  recount  the  perils  and  accidents  of  the  great  deep. 

But  there  are  reverberations  which  are  too  refined  and 
subtle  to  be  distinguished  as  echoes.  All  creation,  indeed, 
is  a  vast  assemblage  of  musical  instruments,  whose  chords 
vibrate  to  every  sound  in  Nature.  Every  sound  that 
peals  over  the  landscape  is  in  communication  with  millions 
of  harps  whose  strings  give  out  some  response  in  harmony 
with  the  season  and  situation.  As  every  ray  of  light 
coming  from  the  farthest  perceptible  distance  in  the  uni- 
verse is  repeated  millions  of  times  in  various  forms  of 
beauty  from  dews  and  gems  and  flowers,  —  in  the  same 
manner  do  the  sounds  in  the  atmosphere  vibrate  from 
every  spear  of  grass  and  every  leaf  of  the  forest,  pro- 
ducing sorn^  unconscious  pleasure. 

After  the  frosts  of  autumn  the  winds  become  shriller 
as  they  pass  over  the  naked  reeds  and  rushes  and  through 
the  leafless  branches  of  the  trees,  and  there  is  a  familiar 
sadness  in  their  murmurs,  as  they  whirl  among  the  dry 
rustling  leaves.  When  the  winter  has  arrived  and  en- 
shrouded all  the  landscape  in  snow,  the  echoes  venture 


296  SOUNDS   FROM   INANIMATE   NATURE. 

out  once  more  on  the  open  plain,  and  repeat  with  unusual 
distinctness  the  various  sounds  from  wood,  village,  and 
farm.  During  the  winter  they  enjoy  a  long  heyday  of 
freedom ;  they  hold  a  laughing  revelry  in  the  haunts  of 
the  dryad,  and  seem  to  rejoice  as  they  sing  together  over 
the  desolate  appearance  of  Nature. 

When  the  sun  gains  a  few  more  degrees  in  his  meridian 
height,  and  the  snow  begins  to  disappear  under  the  fervor 
of  his  beams,  then  do  the  sounds  from  the  dropping  eaves 
and  the  clash  of  falling  icicles  from  the  boughs  of  the 
orchard-trees  afford  a  pleasant  sensation  of  the  change  ; 
and  the  utterance  of  these  vernal  promises  awakens  all 
the  delightful  anticipations  of  birds  and  flowers.  The 
moaning  of  winds  has  been  plainly  softened  by  the  new 
season,  and  the  summer  zephyrs,  that  occasionally  pay 
us  a  short  visit  from  the  south,  and  signalize  their  com- 
ing by  the  crimsoned  dews  at  sunrise,  loosen  a  thousand 
rills,  that  make  lively  music  as  they  leap  down  the  hill- 
sides into  the  valleys.  Yet  of  all  these  sounds  from 
inanimate  Nature,  there  is  not  one  but  is  hallowed  by 
some  glad  or  tender  sentiment,  of  which  it  is  suggestive, 
and  we  have  but  to  yield  our  hearts  to  their  influences 
to  feel  that  for  the  ear  as  well  as  for. the  eye,  Nature 
has  provided  an  endless  store  of  pleasure. 

I  believe  the  agreeable  sounds  from  the  inanimate 
world  owe  their  principal  effect  to  their  power  of  gently 
exciting  the  sentiment  of  melancholy.  The  murmur  of 
gentle  gales  among  the  trembling  aspen -trees,  the  noise 
of  the  hurricane  upon  the  sea-shore,  the  roar  of  distant 
waters,  the  sighing  of  wind  as  it  flits  by  our  windows 
and  moans  through  the  casement,  have  the  power  of  ex- 
citing just  enough  of  the  sentiment  of  melancholy  to 
produce  an  agreeable  state  of  the  mind.  Along  with  the 
melancholy  they  excite  there  is  something  that  tranquil- 
lizes the  soul  and  exalts  it  above  the  mere  pleasures  of 
sense. 


SOUNDS   FROM   INANIMATE   NATURE.  297 

It  is  this  power  to  produce  the  sentiment  of  melancholy 
that  causes  the  sound  of  rain  to  afford  pleasure.  The 
pattering  of  rain  upon  our  windows,  but  more  especially 
upon  the  roof  of  the  house  under  which  we  are  sitting,  is 
attended  with  a  singular  charm.  There  are  few  persons 
who  do  not  recollect  with  a  sense  of  delight  some  adven- 
ture in  a  shower,  that  obliged  them  on  a  journey  to  take 
shelter  under  a  rustic  roof  by  the  wayside.  The  pleasure 
produced  by  the  sight  and  sound  of  the  rain  under  this 
retreat  often  comes  more  delightfully  to  our  memory  than 
all  the  sjinshiny  adventures  of  the  day.  But  in  order  to 
be  affected  in  the  most  agreeable  manner  by  the  sound  of 
rain,  it  is  necessary  to  be  in  company  with  those  whom 
we  love,  or  to  feel  an  assurance  that  the  objects  of  our 
care  are  within  doors,  and  to  be  ignorant  of  any  person's 
exposure  to  its  violence. 

During  a  thunder-storm  the  thunder  is  in  many  cases 
too  terrific  to  allow  us  to  feel  a  tranquil  enjoyment  of  the 
occasion.  There  is  no  sound  in  Nature  that  is  so  pleas- 
antly modified'  by  distance.  Some  minutes  before  the 
thunder-storm  there  is  a  perfect  stillness  of  the  atmosphere 
which  is  fearfully  ominous  of  the  approaching  tempest. 
It  follows  the  first  enshrouding  of  daylight  in  the  clouds 
which  are  slowly  gathering  over  our  heads,  as  they  come 
up  from  the  western  horizon.  It  is  at  such  times  that  the 
sullen  moan  of  the  thunder,  far  down  as  it  were  below 
the  belt  of  the  hemisphere,  is  peculiarly  solemn  and  im- 
pressive, and  more  productive  of  the  emotion  of  sublimity 
than  when  the  crash  is  heard  directly  over  our  heads. 
To  be  witness  of  a  storm  is  pleasant  when  we  are,  and 
believe  others  to  be,  in  a  place  of  safety.  Then  do  we 
listen  with  intense  delight  to  the  voice  of  winds  and 
waters  as  they  contend  with  the  Demon  of  the  storm, 
and  the  awful  warring  of  the  elements  excites  the  most 
sublime  sensations,  unalloyed  with  any  painful  anxiety 
for  the  safety  of  a  fellow-being. 


298  SOUNDS   FROM   INANIMATE   NATURE. 

Thunder  is  heard  with  different  emotions  when  it  pro- 
ceeds from  clouds  which  are  moving  towards  us  and  when 
from  those  already  settled  down  in  the  east,  after  the 
storm  is  past.  The  consciousness  that  the  one  indicates 
a  rising  storm  renders  forcibly  suggestive  the  perils  we 
are  soon  to  encounter  and  increases  our  anxiety.  When 
we  are  in  the  midst  of  the  storm  we  feel  the  emotion  of 
terror  rather  than  that  of  sublimity.  An  uncomfortable 
amount  of  anxiety  destroys  that  tranquillity  of  mind 
which  is  necessary  for  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  sublime 
as  well  as  the  beautiful  scenes  of  Naure.  . 

It  is  pleasant  after  the  terrors  of  the  storm  have  ceased, 
when  the  blue  sky  in  the  west  begins  to  appear  in  dim 
streaks  through  the  misty  and  luminous  atmosphere,  to 
watch  the  lightnings  from  a  window,  as  they  play  down 
the  dark  clouds  in  the  eastern  horizon,  and  to  listen  to 
the  rumblings  of  the  thunder  as  it  begins  loudly  overhead, 
then  dies  away  almost  like  the  roaring  of  waves  in  a  dis- 
tant part  of  the  heavens.  Then  do  we  contemplate  the 
spectacle  with  a  grateful  sense  of  relief  from  the  fears 
that  lately  agitated  the  mind,  and  surrender  our  souls  to 
all  the  influences  naturally  awakened  by  a  mingled  scene 
of  beauty  and  grandeur. 

The  emotion  of  sublimity  is  more  powerfully  excited 
by  any  circumstances  that  add  mystery  to  a  scene  or  to 
the  sounds  we  may  be  contemplating.  Hence  any  un- 
known sound  that  resembles  that  of  an  earthquake  im- 
presses the  mind  at  once  with  a  feeling  of  awe,  however 
insignificant  its  origin.  The  booming  of  a  cannon  over  a 
distance  that  renders  its  identity  uncertain  causes  in  the 
hearers  a  breathless  attention,  as  to  something  ominous 
of  danger. 


FEBKUARY. 

WHEN  we  consider  the  general  sameness  of  winter's 
aspects,  we  need  not  marvel  that  among  the  works  of 
landscape-painters  there  are  but  few  pictures  of  winter. 
These  few  have  generally  represented  some  domestic 
scene,  —  a  cottage  with  its  roof  covered  with  snow ;  cat- 
tle standing  in  a  warm  shelter  in  the  barnyard  ;  poultry 
huddled  in  a  sunny  corner;  and  children  hastening  toward 
their  homes.  Among  the  designs  of  Thomas  Bewick 
there  is  only  one  winter  scene,  and  this  has  served  as 
the  original  from  which  all  later  ones  have  been  copied 
or  imitated.  It  represents  a  traveller  with  a  pack  on  his 
shoulders,  trudging  over  a  trackless  region  of  snow-cov- 
ered ground,  accompanied  by  his  dog.  He  makes  his  way, 
not  like  a  man  who  is  enjoying  his  walk,  but  as  one  beset 
with  dangers  and  thinking  only  of  gaining  his  journey's 
end.  The  sun  shines  coldly  upon  him,  and  the  wind 
causes  him  to  bend  to  its  blast.  The  naked  trees  frown 
upon  him,  his  lengthened  shadow  seems  like  the  ghost  of 
Winter  forever  haunting  his  sight,  and  his  dog  looks  up  to 
him  piteously  and  seemingly  anxious  to  know  his  master's 
thoughts. 

Whenever  we  ramble  in  winter  we  can  readily  under- 
stand why  the  naturalist,  who  studies  individual  objects, 
should  find  but  few  attractions  in  a  winter's  walk ;  but  it 
is  not  so  clear  why  the  painter,  whose  principal  purpose 
is  to  observe  aspects,  should  be  uninterested.  If  we  are 
inclined  to  indulge  in  meditation,  no  other  season  is  so 
favorable  to  it.  In  the  agreeable  monotony  of  a  snow- 


300  FEBRUARY. 

scene,  there  is  but  little  to  divert  attention  from  our 
thoughts.  We  can  find  enough  to  employ  our  observa- 
tion ;  but  there  is  less  than  at  other  seasons  that  forces 
itself  upon  our  attention.  We  can  leave  ourselves  at 
any  time,  to  examine  a  remarkable  object  or  to  view  a 
charming  scene. 

He  must  have  an  eye  that  is  insensible  to  grandeur 
and  a  mind  that  is  incapable  of  appreciating  the  sublimity 
of  landscape  who  would  say  that  Nature  is  destitute  of 
charms  in  the  month  of  February.  It  is  true  that  the 
variegated  surface  of  brown  and  white  that  characterizes 
a  winter  prospect,  though  it  be  here  and  there  diversified 
with  a  knoll  of  evergreen-trees  that  lift  their  heads  as  it 
were  in  triumph  above  the  snows,  will  not  compare  with 
the  interminable  verdure  of  summer  or  the  magnificence 
of  forest  scenery  in  autumn  ;  yet  there  is  a  quiet  sublim- 
ity that  pervades  all  Nature  —  hill,  field,  and  flood  —  at 
this  season,  which  almost  reconciles  one  to  the  temporary 
absence  of  summer  flowers  and  spicy  gales. 

I  am  no  lover  of  cold  weather,  and  feel  more  contented 
when  the  sultry  heats  of  summer  oblige  me  to  seek  the 
refreshing  breezes  beneath  a  willow-tree  on  the  banks 
of  the  sea-shore,  than  when  the  cold  blasts  of  winter 
drive  me  within  doors  or  force  me  to  mope  in  a  sunny 
nook  in  the  forest.  But  there  are  days  in  winter,  when 
the  wind  is  still  and  mild,  which  are  attended  with  pleas- 
ant sensations  seldom  experienced  even  in  the  month  of 
June.  Whether  the  delightful  influence  of  this  serene 
weather  arises  from  a  physical  cause,  or  whether  it  is  the 
result  of  contrast  with  the  cold  that  has  kept  us  half 
imprisoned  for  many  weeks,  I  cannot  determine.  But 
when  I  review  the  rural  rambles  of  former  years,  my 
winter  walks  on  these  delightful  days  will  always  crowd 
most  sweetly  and  vividly  upon  my  memory. 

In  winter  the  mind  possesses  more  sensibility  to  rural 


FEBRUARY.  301 

charms  than  during  the  seasons  of  vegetation  and  flowers. 
A  long  deprivation  of  any  kind  of  pleasure  increases  our 
susceptibility  and  magnifies  our  capacity  for  enjoyment. 
Thus  we  may  become  indifferent  to  the  warbling  of  birds 
in  the  summer,  while  we  are  forming  a  habit  which,  after 
the  long  silence  of  the  wintry  woods,  shall  cause  the  mel- 
odies of  spring  to  yield  us  the  greatest  delight.  After 
the  confinement  of  winter  we  are  keenly  alive  to  agree- 
able impressions  from  all  rural  sights  and  sounds.  Then 
does  the  sight  of  a  green  arbor  in  the  woods  or  a  green 
plat  in  a  valley  affect  us  as  I  can  imagine  a  weary  travel- 
ler to  be  affected  on  suddenly  meeting  an  oasis  in  a  desert. 
The  melancholy  that  attends  a  ramble  in  the  autumn  has 
passed  from  us,  and  we  now  come  forth,  during  the  sleep 
of  vegetation  and  in  the  general  hush  of  animated  things, 
with  some  of  the  gladness  that  inspires  the  mind  when 
the  little  song-sparrow  first  sings  his  prelude  to  the  gen- 
eral anthem  of  Nature.  Some  blessing  comes  from  every 
sacrifice,  and  some. recompense  for  every  privation.  Thus 
the  darkness  of  night  prepares  us  to  welcome  with  glad- 
ness the  dawn  of  a  new  morning.  The  charm  of  life 
springs  from  its  vicissitudes,  and  we  are  capable  of  no 
new  enjoyment  until  we.  have  rested  from  pleasure. 

When  the  earth  is  covered  with  snow  that  has  grown 
hard  enough  to  bear  our  footsteps  without  sinking  into 
the  drifts,  I  have  often  taken  advantage  of  one  of  the 
serene  days  of  winter  to  ramble  in  the  woods.  Every 
pleasant  rural  object  I  then  behold  affords  me  as  much 
pleasure  as  I  should  derive  in  summer  from  all  the 
charms  of  landscape  united  in  one  view.  The  snow  lies 
in  scattered  parcels  over  the  earth,  that  serves  to  variegate 
the  scene  and  to  render  it  more  pleasing  to  the  sight  than 
the  dull  monotonous  brown  which  the  landscape  wears  at 
this  season,  when  there  is  no  snow. 

Every  sound  I  hear  in  the  woods  at  such  a  time  is 


30^  FEBRUARY. 

music,  though  it  be  but  the  cowbell's  chime,  the  stroke 
of  the  woodman's  axe,  or  the  crash  of  some  tall  tree  just 
falling  to  the  ground.  Sometimes,  during  this  period  of 
calm  sunshine,  the  squirrels  will  come  forth  from  their 
retreats  and  in  the  echoing  silence  of  the  woods  we  may 
hear  their  rustling  leap  among  the  dry  oak-leaves,  their 
occasional  chirrup,  and  the  dropping  of  nuts  fr^om  the 
lofty  branches  of  the  hickory.  There  is  music  in  all  the 
echoes  that  break  the  stillness  of  the  hour ;  in  the  cawing 
of  crows,  the  scream  of  jays,  or  the  quick  hammering  of 
the  woodpecker  upon  the  hollow  trunk  of  some  ancient 
standard  of  the  forest. 

The  mild  serenity  of  the  weather,  the  fresh  odors  that 
arise  from  thawing  vegetation,  the  beautiful  haze  that  sur- 
rounds the  horizon,  reflecting  all  the  colors  of  the  rainbow, 
the  lively  chattering  of  poultry  in  the  farm-yards,  the 
bleating  of  flocks  and  the  lowing  of  kine,  an  occasional 
concert  of  crows  in  the  neighboring  wood,  the  checkered 
landscape  of  snow-drifts  rising  out  of  the  brown  earth  and 
gleaming  in  the  sunshine,  and  the  soft  hazy  light  that 
glows  from  distant  hills  and  spires,  —  all  these  rural 
sights  and  sounds  affect  us  with  a  pleasure  not  surpassed 
by  that  which  is  felt  at  any  time  or  season.  Now  and 
then,  amidst  all  this  harmonious  medley,  as  if  to  remind 
us  of  the  coming  delights  of  spring,  a  solitary  song-spar- 
row, prematurely  arrived  from  the  south,  will  tune  his 
little  throat  and  sing  from  some  leafless  shrub  his  first 
salutation  of  reviving  Nature. 

Among  the  attractions  of  winter  scenery  I  must  not 
omit  the  frostwork  upon  the  windows,  which  has  been 
so  often  used  by  poets  to  emblemize  the  hopes  of  youth. 
All  vegetation  in  summer  presents  not  a  greater  variety 
of  forms  than  we  may  behold  in  these  beautiful  configu- 
rations. The  mornings  which  are  most  remarkable  for 
this  curious  pencil-work  are  such  as  follow  a  very  cold 


FEBRUARY.  303 

night  after  mild  and  thawing  weather  on  the  preceding- 
day.  Nothing  in  the  world  seems  so  much  like  the  effects 
of  enchantment.  The  pictures  made  by  the  frost  upon 
oar  window-panes  are  a  part  of  the  domestic  scenery  of 
winter ;  but  their  origin  and  progress  form  a  curious  study. 
It  is  remarkable  that  this  deposit  of  frost  resembles  in 
structure  and  development  the  formation  of  clouds  in 
clear  weather  in  the  upper  region  of  the  heavens.  The 
clouds  usually  display  more  beauty  of  form  in  winter  and 
in  very  dry  weather,  because  the  arid  state  of  the  atmos- 
phere is  favorable  to  their  delicate  organization.  Hence 
the  most  beautiful  clouds  are  those  which  are  highest 
above  the  earth's  surface,  where  the  air  contains  but  very 
little  moisture.  The  same  principle  affects  the  formation 
of  window-frost.  The  air  of  the  room  when  only  slightly 
charged  with  vapor  projects  the  most  delicate  and  beauti- 
ful figures  on  the  windows. 

The  first  deposit  on  the  window-glass,  when  the  weather 
is  very  cold  and  the  air  of  the  room  moist,  is  a  thin  iri- 
descent film  resembling  that  produced  by  oil  spread  upon 
the  surface  of  still  water.  This  iridescence  vanishes  at 
the  moment  when  the  film  begins  to  change  into  a  crys- 
tallized surface.  Immediately  there  appears  in  the  place 
of  it  a  collection  of  little  flocculi,  —  a  sort  of  constellation 
of  minute  snow-flakes,  without  any  formal  arrangement. 
These,  as  they  increase  from  the  moisture  of  the  room, 
slowly  assume  a  feathery  organization,  with  more  or  less 
geometrical  beauty,  according  as  the  deposit  is  made  from 
air  that  is  lightly  or  heavily  charged  with  dampness.  The 
less  the  moisture  in  the  air  of  the  room,  if  there  be  a 
sufficient  q-uantity,  and  the  colder  the  air  outside  if  the 
inner  air  be  not  much  above  freezing-point,  the  finer  and 
more  beautiful  are  these  configurations.  Hence  the  win- 
dows of  a  sleeping-room,  if  not  occupied  by  more  than 
two  or  three  persons,  are  more  delicately  frosted  on  a  cold 


304  FEBRUARY. 

morning  than  those  of  a  cooking-room  where  the  mois- 
ture is  precipitated  so  rapidly  upon  them  as  to  mar  their 
arrangement. 

There  is  no  season  or  month  without  its  peculiar  beau- 
ties. They  are  distilled  like  dew' from  heaven,  and  cover 
all  places.  They  are  scattered  over  the  greensward  in 
spring  and  summer,  upon  the  forest  in  autumn,  and  in 
winter  they  are  spread  over  the  earth  with  the  whiteness 
of  snow  and  precipitated  in  frost  upon  the  trees  and  upon 
our  window-panes.  At  all  times  and  seasons  may  we  look 
upon  these  wonders  and  beauties  that  attract  our  sight  in 
the  least  as  well  as  the  greatest  operations  of  the  Invisible 
Artist. 


BIRDS  OF  THE  FARM  AND  THE  FARM-YARD. 

IT  is  not  easy  to  explain  why  certain  species  of  birds 
and  other  animals  are  susceptible  of  domestication,  while 
others  resist  all  efforts  to  inure  them  to  artificial  habits. 
The  mystery  is  increased  when  we  consider  that  individ- 
uals of  a  species  which  cannot  be  domesticated  may, 
when  reared  in  a  cage,  be  made  as  tame  as  the  tamest 
of  our  domestic  birds.  There  are  certain  families  of 
which  several  species  have  been  domesticated.  This  is 
true  of  the  Gallinaceous  tribe  and  of  the  Anseres.  Of 
the  former  are  the  Cock,  the  Turkey,  the  Pintado,  the 
Peacock.  Of  the  Anseres,  there  are  two  or  three  species 
of  Goose  and  several  species  of  Duck.  Several  of  the 
Pigeon  tribe  may  be  domesticated.  The  Rook  and  the 
House  Sparrow  of  England  may  also  be  regarded  as  in 
a  state  of  at  least  partial  domestication.  The  species 
among  our  birds  that  comes  nearest  the  Rook  in  its  hab- 
its is  the  Purple  Grackle.  That,  as  population  thickens, 
the  Grackles  will  assume  more  and  more  of  the  habits  of 
a  domestic  bird,  seems  not  improbable,  especially  if  they 
should  be  protected  for  their  valuable  services  to  agri- 
culture. 

THE   HOUSE   SPARROW. 

I  am  not  entirely  free  from  suspicions  that  by  natural- 
izing the  House  Sparrow  in  this  country,  we  have  intro- 
duced a  pest.  It  has  always  been  regarded  in  Europe  as 

a  mischievous  bird,  but  is  tolerated  because,  like  all  the 

20 


306  BIRDS   OF   THE   FARM  AND   THE   FARM-YARD. 

Sparrow  family,  through  granivorous  for  the  most  part, 
it  destroys  great  quantities  of  grubs  and  insects  during 
its  breeding  -  season,  which  continues  several  months. 
Other  circumstances  that  render  the  bird  valuable  are 
its  domesticated  habits,  its  permanent  residence,  and  its 
proneness  to  live  and  multiply  in  the  city  as  well  as  the 
country.  The  little  Hair  Bird,  which  is  far  more  inter- 
esting and  musical,  is  not  a  permanent  resident,  and  can- 
not, from  its  habit  of  breeding  in  trees,  become  inured  to 
the  city.  Perhaps,  therefore,  it  need  not  be  feared  that 
the  multiplication  of  the  House  Sparrows  will  diminish 
the  number  of  our  native  birds.  But  I  cannot,  while 
dwelling  on  this  subject,  avoid  the  reflection  that  since 
our  people  are  resolutely  bent  on  the  destruction  of  our 
native  birds,  it  may  be  fortunate  that  there  exists  a  for- 
eign species  of  such  a  character  that,  .like  the  white- weed 
and  the  witch-grass,  after  being  once  introduced,  they  can- 
not by  any  possible  human  efforts  be  extirpated.  When 
all  our  native  species  are  gone,  we  may  be  happy  to  hear 
the  unmusical  chatter  of  the  House  Sparrows,  and  gladly 
watch  them  and  protect  them,  as  we  should,  if  all  the 
human  race  had  perished  but  our  single  self,  welcome  the 
society  of  orang-otangs. 

J  am  pleased  to  learn  that  Dr.  Brewer  does  not  fear 
that  their  introduction  will  cause  any  evil  to  our  native 
birds.  If  I  were  entirely  satisfied  of  the  correctness  of 
his  opinion,  I  should  say  welcome  to  the  little  intru- 
ders. They  are  at  least  valuable  by  affording  amuse- 
ment to  children  who  are  confined  to  cities,  and  who  may 
watch  and  feed  them  where,  if  they  were  absent,  but  few 
other  birds  would  be  seen.  But  I  will  leave  the  House 
Sparrow  to  treat  of  a  far  more  interesting  family  of  birds, 
the  common  Domestic  Pigeon. 


BIRDS  OF  THE  FARM  AND  THE  FARM-YARD.    307 


THE  DOVE. 

It  is  a  matter  of  curiosity  among  naturalists  that  Doves 
and  Pigeons,  which  are  activre  and  powerful  on  the  wing 
beyond  any  known  species,  should  have  submitted  so 
readily  to  domestication.  Their  power  of  wing  and  con- 
sequent capacity  of  providing  food  for  themselves  at  great 
distances  from  their  habitations  must  render  them  quite 
independent  of  any  necessity  of  resorting  to  man's  pro- 
tection, like  the  gallinaceous  birds.  Yet  they  have  prob- 
ably been  domesticated,  like  the  common  fowl,  from  im- 
memorial time.  The  Dove  is  a  bird  which  has  been 
sacred  in  all  ages  as  an  emblem  of  constancy,  while 
hardly  a  gallinaceous  bird  could  be  named  that  does  not 
in  its  moral  habits  represent  the  political  theory  of  free 
love.  Ornithologists  have  lately  removed  the  Dove  into 
a  separate  family,  reclassing  it  as  distinct  from  all  other 
birds.  Doves  are,  in  a  wild  state,  very  powerful  on  the 
wing;  but,  having  small  feet  and  legs,  they  are  awkward 
and  feeble  walkers.  The  Goose  is  said  to  fly  to  a  greater 
height  than  any  other  bird ;  but  none  can  equal  wild 
Pigeons  in  swiftness.  This  power  of  flight  is  of  great 
service  to  them  when  foraging ;  for  the}^  can  have  a  roost 
in  Virginia  and  sally  forth  in  any  direction  fifty  miles 
to  obtain  a  breakfast,  and  return  sooner  than  the  steam- 
cars  could  perform  the  journey  in  one  direction. 

The  Dove,  —  the  most  amiable  of  birds,  consecrated  to 
some  of  the  kindest  virtues  of  the  human  soul,  dedicated 
in  ancient  times  to  Venus,  whose  chariot  was  drawn  by 
two  Doves,  —  like  a  sweet  maiden  who  neither  flaunts 
nor  glitters,  but  gains  admiration  solely  by  her  innocence 
and  her  beauty,  is  very  properly  considered  the  symbol 
of  purity  and  holiness.  Holy  Spirit  and  Heavenly  Dove 
are,  in  the  poetry  of  Christianity,  synonymous  expres- 
sions. The  Dove,  in  Biblical  Fable,  that  was  sent  out 


BIRDS   OF   THE   FARM   AND   THE   FARM-YARD. 

by  Noah  to  determine  the  condition  of  the  earth  after 
this  great  captain  and  his  family  had  become  weary  of 
navigating  the  Ark,  brought  back  the*  olive-branch,  which, 
like  its  feathered  bearer,  has  ever  since  been  regarded  as 
the  emblem  of  peace. 

The  Dove  is  more  completely  domesticated  than  the 
Quail  could  be  under  any  circumstances.  But  it  is  al- 
most exclusively  granivorous,  and  is  not  so  useful  a  bird 
as  the  Quail,  flocks  of  which,  if  protected  by  providing 
them  food  and  shelter,  would  frequent  our  orchards,  and 
rid  the  trees  entirely  of  the  canker-worms  by  picking 
up  the  insects  that  generate  them  before  they  have 
climbed  the  tree.  Mr.  George  W.  Eice  of  West  Newton 
has  for  several  years  past  kept  his  apple-trees  free  from 
canker-worms  by  means  of  early  chickens.  He  binds  a 
raw  cotton  band  round  the  tree  very  near  the  ground. 
Before  the  insects  have  time  to  creep  over  this  obstacle, 
they  are  caught  by  the  hens  and  chickens,  so  that  not 
more  than  one  in  a  hundred  escapes. 

Doves  of  all  species  seem  to  be  very  similar  in  their 
manners.  Almost  the  only  notes  they  utter  are  a  gentle 
cooing,  and  if  you  scare  one  it  does  not  scream,  like 
other  birds,  but  makes  only  a  low  moaning.  Hence 
arose  the  reputation  of  the  Dove  for  gentleness.  Yet  it 
is  not  without  spirit  or  courage.  When  a  boy  I  had  a 
flock  of  thirty  pigeons,  all  white.  I  watched  them  so 
attentively  that  I  learned  all  their  peculiar  habits,  the 
constancy  of  the  mated  female,  the  gallantry  of  all  males 
toward  unmated  females,  and  the  courage  with  which 
both  sexes  would  defend  their  place  and  nest.  I  could 
distinguish  each  one  of  the  flock  from  all  the  rest,  and 
had  a  name  for  each.  They  were  all  black-eyed  but  one, 
and  this  one  had  a  slight  tinge  of  lilac  upon  its  white 
feathers,  and  its  eyes  were  light  gray.  The  common  slate- 
colored  Pigeon  has  red  eyes. 


BIRDS  OF  THE  FARM  AND  THE  FARM-YARD. 


THE  TURTLE-DOVE. 

The  first  wild  bird  I  captured  and  tamed  in  my  boy- 
hood was  taken  from  the  nest  of  a  Carolina  Turtle- 
Dove.  The  nest  was  placed  upon  the  horizontal  branches 
of  a  small  white  pine  about  fifteen  feet  from  the  ground. 
It  was  made  of  slender  twigs  put  together  as  carelessly 
as  if  they  had  fallen  from  some  branches  above,  and  were 
levelled,  but  not  hollowed,  by  the  parent  birds.  The 
nest  contained  a  single  white  egg,  more  roundish  in  its 
shape  than  that  of  the  common  tame  Pigeon.  I  took  the 
young  bird  from  the  nest  when  it  was  nearly  ready  to 
fly.  I  fed  it  exclusively  upon  farinaceous  food,  and  was 
successful  in  rearing  it.  It  grew  very  tame,  and  behaved 
like  the  young  of  a  domesticated  Dove.  It  often  flew 
away  in  quest  of  food  and  regularly  returned,  and  was  so 
docile  as  to  sit  upon  my  hand.  I  exchanged  the  bird,  to 
gratify  one  of  my  schoolmates,  for  a  volume  of  Peter 
Pindar's  works,  which  I  read  over  and  over  again  with 
great  delight,  and  a  volume  of  President  Monroe's  Tour, 
which  I  used  for  kindling-paper. 

After  I  had  taken  the  bird  from  the  nest  I  heard  for 
more  than  a  week  the  almost  uninterrupted  cooing  or 
moaning  of  the  parents,  or  one  of  them,  upon  an  old 
white  oak  that  stood  in  a  field  near  my  boarding-house, 
which  was  almost  surrounded  by  woods.  This  oak  was 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  nest,  and  it  seemed 
as  if  the  old  birds  had  in  some  way  or  other  a  suspicion 
of  the  fact  that  the  young  one  had  been  removed  in  this, 
direction  from  the  nest.  To  listen  to  the  "mourning 
Dove"  was  a  romantic  incident  that  gave  me  so  much 
satisfaction  that  it  entirely  absorbed  all  the  sympathy  I 
was  disposed  to  feel  for  the  bereaved  parents.  The  young 
Dove  was  shot  soon  after  I  parted  with  it  by  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  Christian  civilization,  a  Divinity  Student. 


310          BIRDS    OF    THE    FARM   AND   THE    FARM-YARD. 

Turtle-Doves  are  now  rarely  seen  in  New  England,  but 
they  are  common  in  other  States.  In  this  centre  of  en- 
lightenment there  is  plenty  of  cant  about  mercy  to  birds 
and  other  creatures ;  there  are  whole  encyclopaedias  of 
rhymes  written  about  the  "  beautiful  and  innocent  birds." 
But  the  rhymes  and  the  cant  go  hand  in  hand  with  the 
snare,  the  gun,  and  strychnine ;  as  the  Bible  and  mission- 
aries sail  lovingly  together  with  rum  and  gunpowder,  to 
Africa  and  other  regions  of  moral  darkness,  sent  onward 
by  the  same  persons  and  the  same  funds.  There  may  be 
some  desire  in  many  hearts  for  the  preservation  of  our 
birds ;  but  it  is  with  our  sentimentalists  as  with  our  poli- 
ticians, sentiment  must  give  way  to  peas  and  strawberries 
as  principle  must  give  way  to  party  and  personal  ambition. 
It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  the  possession  of  a  single 
cherry-tree  or  one  bed  of  strawberries  will  turn  the  most 
lachrymatory  sentimentalist  into  a  rabid  exterminator  of 
the  feathered  race. 

THE  COCK. 

I  should  be  guilty  of  a  great  omission,  if  in  my  de- 
scriptions of  interesting  birds  I  were  to  say  nothing  of  the 
common  Cock,  the  true  Bird  of  Morn  in  every  country ; 
the  monitor  who  never  fails  to  give  the  inmates  of  the 
house  notice  of  the  dawn  of  day.  So  intimately  is  this 
bird  allied  with  the  morning,  that  the  dawn  is  always 
designated  as  the  hour  of  cock-crowing.  If  he  should 
cease  hereafter  faithfully  to  announce  the  earliest  ap- 
proach of  day,  we  should  look  upon  him  as  one  who  had 
lost  the  most  remarkable  trait  in  his  character.  But,  like 
other  birds  that  sing  by  night,  he  is  often  deceived  by  the 
light  of  the  moon,  when  it  rises  past  midnight,  mistaking 
its  beams  for  the  promise  of  dawn. 

The  Cock  is  a  bird  of  the  East,  and  is  by  nature  ad- 
dicted to  Eastern  customs  and  habits.  He  is  furnished 


BIRDS  OF  THE  FARM  AND  THE  FARM- YARD.    311 

with  spurs  with  which  he  is  expected  to  fight  for  the 
possession  of  as  many  females  as  he  can  procure  by 
slaying  his  rivals.  He  knows  no  such  feeling  as  an 
exclusive  attachment  to  a  single  mate.  He  is  a  bird 
neither  of  sentiment  nor  principle.  His  crowing  is  but 
sound  of  triumph  and  exultation  which  is  designed  to 
notify  all  his  brood  of  wives  of  his  presence  and  of  his 
power  to  defend  them,  and  his  defiance  to  other  males 
who  should  venture  to  claim  any  one  of  the  numerous 
members  of  his  harem.  His  example  has  always  been 
copied  by  the  kings  and  sultans  of  the  East.  There  is 
only  this  difference,  —  that  the  Cock  obtains  by  his 
prowess  what  the  sultan  obtains  by  wealth  and  political 
authority,  aided  and  countenanced  by  the  deity  whom  he 
worships.  But  if  Solomon  was  like  Chanticleer  in  his 
customs,  we  might  apply  to  him  a  quotation  from  the 
New  Testament:  "That  even  Solomon  in  all  his  glory 
was  not  arrayed  like  one  of  these." 

The  variety  of  plumage  which  is  displayed  by  this  bird 
in  his  domesticated  state  surpasses  that  of  any  known 
species.  It  is  remarkable,  however,  that  he  has  very  few 
pure  colors.  He  has  no  pure  yellow,  nor  blue,  nor  crim- 
son, nor  scarlet,  nor  vermilion.  But  there  is  a  brilliancy 
about  these  neutralized  colors  and  there  are  fine  contrasts 
in  their  arrangement  giving  splendor  to  certain  varieties 
of  this  bird  that  cannot  be  surpassed.  There  are  some 
which  are  pure  white  and  others  pure  black.  In  these 
varieties  the  male  and  female  differ  but  slightly  in  color. 
In  other  varieties,  if  the  female  is  brown,  the  male  is  red ; 
if  the  female  is  black,  with  neck-feathers  grayish  striped, 
the  male  is  black,  with  neck  and  saddle  feathers  of  a 
bright  buff  color.  If  the  female  is  all  gray,  the  male  is 
gray,  with  neck  and  saddle  white  and  tail  black.  Several 
of  these  contrasts  are  very  beautiful.  The  long  silken 
feathers  of  the  neck  and  saddle  distinguish  the  Cock  from 


312    BIRDS  OF  THE  FARM  AND  THE  FARM-YARD. 

almost  every  other  bird  save  the  Pheasant.  The  Peacock, 
the  Turkey,  and  the  Guinea-Fowl  are  destitute  of  these 
marks. 

THE   TURKEY. 

The  Turkey  is  not  so  interesting  a  bird  as  the  Cock. 
He  is  neither  so  lively  nor  so  courageous.  His  gobbling 
is  not  so  musical'  as  the  crowing  of  the  Cock,  nor  is  it 
in  any  respect  a  sentinel  sound.  He  resembles  the  Pea- 
cock in  many  ways,  but  does  not  equal  him  in  beauty. 
But  the  wild  Turkey  is  said  to  be  in  all  respects  more 
beautiful  than  the  tame  one.  There  was  formerly  some 
controversy  respecting  the  American  origin  of  this  bird. 
Beside  the  whimsical  Daines  Barrington,  many  eminent 
naturalists  supposed  Africa  to  be  its  native  country.  Buf- 
fon,  however,  eloquently  supported  its  claims  to  be  con- 
sidered an  American  bird.  C.  L.  Buonaparte  says,  the 
first  Turkey  that  garnished  a  feast  in  France  was  served 
up  at  the  wedding  banquet  of  Charles  the  Ninth  in  the 
year  1570.  This  was  also  the  date  of  the  general  intro- 
duction of  the  Turkey  into  Europe  as  a  domestic  bird. 

Dr.  Franklin  wrote  a  characteristic  piece  of  humor  on 
the  substitution  of  the  Turkey  for  the  Bald  Eagle  as  the 
emblematic  representative  of  our  country.  The  Bald 
Eagle  he  considers  a  bird  of  bad  moral  character,  who 
gets  his  living  by  dishonest  means.  Like  a  robber  he 
watches  the  Fish  Hawk,  and  when  he  has  caught  a  fish, 
pounces  upon  him  and  takes  it  away  from  him.  Withal, 
he  is  a  rank  coward,  and  permits  himself  to  be  driven  out 
of  the  district  by  the  little  Kingbird.  He  confesses, 
therefore,  that  he  is  not  displeased  that  the  figure  is  not 
recognized  as  a  Bald  Eagle,  but  looks  more  like  a  Turkey. 
The  Turkey  is  a  more  respectable  bird,  and  a  true  native 
of  America.  He  is  also,  though  a  little  vain  and  silly 
(and,  as  the  Doctor  expresses  it,  "  not  the  worse  emblem 


BIRDS  OF  THE  FARM  AND  THE  FARM- YARD.    313 

on  that  account "),  a  bird  of  courage,  and  would  not  hesi- 
tate to  attack  a  grenadier  of  the  British  Guards  who 
should  invade  his  grounds  with  a  red  coat  on. 

Wild  Turkeys  were  formerly  not  uncommon  in  the 
woods  of  New  England.  If  any  still  remain  they  will 
not  long  escape  the  besom  of  civilization  and  progress. 
The  Turkey  will  vanish  with  the  Turtle-Dove  and  the 
Quail,  and  go  where  arithmetic  and  trigonometry  have 
not  yet  mapped  out  the  wilderness  into  auction-lots. 

THE   GOOSE. 

The  Goose  is  truly  a  pastoral  bird.  Though  it  uses 
animal  food,  it  lives  more  upon  grain  and  by  grazing, 
like  cattle  and  sheep.  It  is  not  a  sea  fowl.  It  devours 
some  insects,  but  does  not  take  fishes,  and  resorts  to  the 
water  chiefly  at  night,  where  it  retires  to  rest,  for  security. 
It  is  the  pastoral  habit  of  the  Goose  that  renders  it  so  fit 
a  subject  for  domestication.  On  the  same  account  it  is  a 
better  walker  than  the  Duck,  that  passes  the  greater  part 
of  its  time  in  the  water,  feeding  upon  the  aquatic  vege- 
tables that  grow  in  the  shallows  and  upon  such  insects 
as  are  found  among  them.  The  Goose,  notwithstanding 
the  general  habit  among  us  of  using  its  name  as  the 
superlative  of  folly,  is  an  intelligent  bird.  The  proverb 
"  silly  as  a  Goose "  would  be  more  correctly  applied  to 
a  Hen  or  a  Turkey. 

The  Goose  has  no  special  beauty  of  plumage.  Its  colors 
seldom  vary  from  white  and  black  and  gray.  The  wild 
Goose  of  America  greatly  surpasses  the  common  domesti- 
cated species  in  beauty,  having  some  fine  shades  of  green 
and  purple  on  the  black  feathers  of  its  long  swan -like 
neck.  Charles  Waterton  says  of  this  species,  which  has 
been  very  generally  domesticated  in  Great  Britain :  "There 
can  be  nothing  more  enlivening  to  rural  solitude  than  the 


314         BIRDS   OF   THE   FARM   AND   THE   FARM-YARD. 

trumpet-sounding  notes  of  the  Canada  Goose.  They  may 
be  heard  at  most  hours  of  the  day  and  during  the  night. 
But  spring  is  the  time  when  these  birds  are  most  vocifer- 
ous. Then  it  is  that  they  are  on  the  wing,  moving  in 
aerial  circles  round  the  mansion  ;  now  rising  aloft,  now 
dropping  into  the  water,  with  such  notes  of  apparent  joy 
and  revelling  as  cannot  fail  to  attract  the  attention  of 
those  who  feel  an  interest  in  the  wildest  scenery." 

Wild  Geese  and  other  birds  of  the  same  family  assem- 
ble, not  in  myriads,  like  Pigeons  and  Blackbirds,  but  in 
such  limited  flocks  as  admit  of  organization  and  geomet- 
ric arrangement.  Geese  sometimes  fly  in  a  straight  line  ; 
but  more  frequently  make  a  triangular  figure,  that  permits 
each  one  in  the  rear  to  see  its  leader.  Some  naturalists  say 
that  Geese  fly  to  a  greater  height  than  any  other  bird ; 
others  say  they  are  surpassed  by  Herons.  They  are  often, 
however,  at  so  great  height  that  they  may  be  heard,  when 
nothing  more  of  them  than  a  black  line  can  be  seen.  Be- 
fore they  alight  upon  the  ground  they  form  a  straight  line, 
probably  without  any  purpose  but  from  the  habit  of  ar- 
ranging themselves  in  a  single  rank  and  file  when  flying. 
Having  taken  their  rest  for  a  few  hours,  the  sentinel  gives 
the  signal  note,  when  they  all  rise  again,  form  the  same 
triangular  group,  and  pursue  their  mysterious  journey  to 
a  southern  clime. 

Naturalists  are  not  agreed  respecting  the  character  of 
the  leader  of  these  flocks.  Some  believe  that  an  old  gan- 
der who  has  previously  made  the  journey  takes  the  lead. 
Others  assert  that  each  one  of  the  flock  takes  his  turn  in 
being  leader.  It  seems  to  me  highly  probable  that  neither 
of  these  assumptions  is  correct;  but  on  the  other  hand, 
that  the  leadership  is  a  matter  of  chance,  except  that  the 
most  powerful  individuals  would  usually  happen  to  place 
themselves  at  the  head  of  the  flock,  being  naturally  the 
most  active  and  vigorous,  the  first  to  rise  from  the  ground 


BIRDS  OF  THE  FARM  AND  THE  FARM-YARD.     315 

and  the  swiftest  to  gain  the  foremost  position.  It  is  ab- 
surd to  suppose  that  these  birds  in  their  migrations  are 
directed  by  the  knowledge  and  experience  of  a  few  older 
ones.  Urged  by  a  powerful  impulse,  if  the  old  birds 
were  all  destroyed,  the  young  flock,  when  the  proper  time 
arrived  for  their  migratory  flight,  would  proceed  on  their 
journey  as  instinctively  as  they  would  konk  instead  of 
crowing  like  a  Cock. 

THE   DUCK. 

Ducks  are  by  far  the  most  beautiful  of  all  aquatic  birds 
in  the  colors  of  their  plumage.  Other  genera  of  this  fam- 
ily seldom  show7  any  hues  except  a  various  mixture  of 
white  and  gray.  The  plumage  of  several  species  of  the 
Duck  is  of  many  colors  and  finely  variegated.  This 
beautiful  lustre  is  remarkable  in  the  drake  of  the  Mallard, 
of  the  Teal,  and  above  all  of  the  Summer  Duck.  Of  the 
latter,  both  male  and  female  are  beautiful,  and  the  species 
was  named  by  Linnseus,  on  account  of  its  beauty,  sponsa, 
a  bride.  Its  pendent  crest  of  green  and  purple  hanging 
from  the  back  of  its  head;  its  neck"  of  purple-crimson, 
changing  in  front  to  a  glossy  brown,  speckled  with  white ; 
its  wings  and  tail  of  metallic  green,  changeable  into  blue 
and  crimson, —  its  endless  varieties,  indeed,  of  changeable 
hues  cause  it  to  surpass  in  beauty  all  the  birds  of  our 
woods  and  waters. 

It  is  not  often  that  we  have  an  opportunity  of  watch- 
ing for  any  considerable  time  the  manoeuvres  of  wild 
Geese  or  wild  Ducks  upon  the  water.  We  must  observe 
the  motions  of  the  domesticated  birds  to  learn  those  of 
the  wild  ones,  making  allowance  for  less  dexterity,  as  the 
consequence  of  domestication.  The  flight  and  habits  of 
the  Duck  are  not  less  interesting  or  picturesque  than 
those  of  the  Goose.  Their  whistling  flocks  that  pass 
frequently  over  our  heads  at  different  seasons  always 


BIRDS   OF   THE  FARM  AND   THE   FARM-YARD.  317 

command  our  attention.  Ducks  live  the  greater  part  of 
the  time  upon  the  water,  feeding  upon  the  plants  that 
grow  around  their  edges  and  borders.  Hence  they  prefer 
small  ponds  and  inlets  of  the  sea  to  the  bay  or  harbor. 
But,  like  almost  all  other  species  of  birds,  the  Duck  and 
the  Teal  are  rarely  seen  except  in  the  remote  lakes  of 
the  forest.  These  wild  birds  are  allowed  no  peace  and 
no  security.  I  cannot  see  what  is  to  prevent  their  utter 
extirpation  from  the  American  continent. 

The  Black  Duck  seems  more  .nearly  allied  to  the  Mal- 
lard than  to  any  American  species.  It  has  been  repeat- 
edly domesticated,  and  mixes  with  the  Mallard,  and  the 
mixed  offspring  have  none  of  the  marks  and  qualities  of 
hybrids.  The  drake  of  this  species  has  not  the  beauty 
of  the  Mallard  drake.  Flocks  of  them  are  common  in 
the  autumn  in  some  of  our  solitary  inlets  or  near  our 
harbors  ;  and  they  formerly,  reared  their  young  in  Massa- 
chusetts. They  have  been  driven  away  by  gunners,  and 
they  now  breed  only  in  the  northern  parts  of  New  Eng- 
land, especially  near  the  lakes  of  Maine.  Samuels  found 
the  nest  of  one  on  a  low  stump,  that  overhung  a  small 
spring  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  a  mile  from  any  water.  He 
says  these  nests  are  abundant  all  round  Lake  Umbagog. 
When  the  fresh  ponds  are  frozen,  the  Ducks  resort  to  the 
salt  water,  and  are  often  seen,  in  flocks  of  considerable 
size,  in  our  harbors  and  salt-water  creeks  in  winter. 


THE   SWAN. 

If  the  Duck  is  the  most  beautifully  arrayed  of  all 
aquatic  birds,  the  Swan  is  certainly  the  most  graceful  and 
attractive  when  sailing  upon  the  water.  The  Swan  re- 
sembles the  Duck  more  than  the  Goose  in  its  feeding 
habits.  It  does  not  graze  like  the  Goose,  but  takes  its 
food  from  beneath  the  water,  often  probing  to  the  bottom 


318  BIRDS   OF   THE   FARM   AND   THE   FARM-YARD. 

of  shallow  waters  by  means  of  its  long  neck,  which  seems 
designed  for  this  purpose.  Wild  Swans  associate  in  small 
flocks,  separating  in  pairs  during  the  breeding-season,  and 
rising  in  large  companies  when  the  approach  of  winter 
warns  them  to  seek  a  more  genial  clime.  When  they 
finally  take  their  migrating  flight,  they  divide  themselves 
again  into  small  flocks,  and  shape  their  course  after  the 
manner  of  Wild  Geese. 


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